American Ethnic Literature Essay

American Literature has been an important part of American people for centuries. What makes this type of literature great is that the authors vision is objective and not one sided. Several of the American authors are still considered to be great writers. The books that were written by these authors are still read by people of all ages around the United States. These books are now considered classic literature. American literature is considered American because it was written by American people. Overall, â€Å"editors appear to use an inconsistent combination of citizenship, geographical location, language, and subject matter (that is, the subject of America and the United States) (Hames- Garcia, p. 1, 2003). Most of the American literature was written by white men. In order to be considered American literature it has to be about the United States. There have been many great authors that write about science fiction, but because it is unreal their literature is not considered American literature. Politics also played an important role in literature. It was of great importance to portray the American character as an â€Å"exceptional entity† (Hames-Garcia, p. 1, 2003). In the early twentieth century, writers who were not American white men were not allowed to publish their works. Women writers as well as Black, Latino, American Indian, and immigrant writers were left out altogether. This happened because other ethnic groups were considered to be inferior. It was until the 1970s that feminist began to speak out and rebel against the oppression they were faced with. It is thanks to this reform that the American literature holds diversity. It allows for men and women to have the same opportunity to express their feelings without having to worry about their race or sex. Another type of literature is ethnic literature. This type of literature is often read as an autobiography, even when making no such claims. This is written on a first person point of view. The author’s point of view is specific to their personal beliefs and life stories. It is difficult for this type of author to provide an objectionable story. They are blinded by anger because of what they had to live. The topics these authors write about covers racism and suppression. The definitions and topics will vary depending on the life experiences that each author or their families experienced. The storyline will also vary because each author lived different time periods, and of course things change over time. Ethnic Literature is great because it now holds different point of views. Every person has a different perspective on what happens around them. What allows for this to be great is that each person is entitled not only to have their own belief, but they are able to express their feelings with freedom. No person is afraid of what repercussion might come because they decided to write from their heart. The truth allows readers to realize that life has been harder for some people more than others. It is easy to forget what our ancestors had to experience in order for each individual to encounter freedom. It is now easy for men and women of all races to walk freely around their city. This however came at a price, and this type of literature allows human beings to read and experience in some small way what it was like to live in a world were the color of your skin as well as your sex had a lot to do with the quality of life you lived. American Literature will continue to play an important role in American people. The only way to enjoy this type of literature is to introduce our younger generations to it. This is the perfect material needed to give to young readers so that they can value the lifestyle they are allowed to live today. It is up to us to keep this tradition alive so that our future generation can enjoy it as well. Reference Michael Hames-Garcia. (2003). Which America is ours? Marti’s â€Å"Truth† and the foundations of â€Å"American literature†. Modern Fiction Studies, 49(1), 19-53. Retrieved October 25, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 328665241). Yonjae Jung. (2004). The New Americanist Intervention into the Canon. American Studies International, 42(2/3), 213-225. Retrieved October 26, 2009, from Research Library. (Document ID: 676208971).

Unemployment Causes And Solutions In Nigeria

The chairman of the Subsidy Reinvestment and Employment Programme (Sure-P), Dr. Christopher Kolade, has bemoaned the rising rate of unemployment in the country, saying that no fewer than 40 million Nigerians are without jobs. Even before Dr. Kolade spoke, Nigerians were already aware of the dire situation as unemployment rate in the country has been increasing over the years. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, Nigeria’s unemployment rate averaged 14. 60 per cent from 2006 until 2011, reaching an all time high of 23.90 per cent in December 2011.The NBS measures unemployment rate by the number of people actively looking for a job as a percentage of the labour force. In its Economic Report on Nigeria released in May this year, the World Bank noted that â€Å"Nigeria’s annual growth rates that average over seven per cent in official data during the last decade place the nation among the fastest growing economies in the world noting that the growth has been con centrated particularly on trade and agriculture, which would suggest substantial welfare benefits for many Nigerians.Nevertheless, poverty reduction and job creation have not kept pace with population growth, implying social distress for an increasing number of Nigerians. Progress towards the fulfilment of many of the Millennium Development Goals has been slow, and the country ranked 153 out of 186 countries in the 2013 United Nations Human Development Index. † According to the World Bank, â€Å"job creation in Nigeria has been inadequate to keep pace with the expanding working age population.The official unemployment rate had steadily increased from 12 per cent of the working age population in 2006 to 24 per cent in 2011. Preliminary indications are that this upward trend continued in 2012. † In a similar observation in June, the Honorary International Investors Council (HIIC) pointed to what it called â€Å"the growing unemployment rate and the rising number of poor skilled workforce† in the country. The Council, headed by Baroness Lynda Chalker, was inaugurated in 2004 as a presidential advisory body to attract global financial players into the Nigerian economy.Although not much positive impact could be attributed to HIIC’s efforts in Nigeria, the Council urges the government â€Å"to improve on its synergy with the other tiers of government and the industry in order to build basic education geared towards enhancing capacity of the workforce for industrialisation of the economy. † It goes without saying that the nation’s unemployment rate has become a source of concern to government. Only recently the Minister of Finance and Coordinating Minister for the Economy, Dr. Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala, admitted that the spate of unemployment was giving her sleepless nights.Quoting the National Bureau of Statistics, the minister declared that â€Å"each year, about 1. 8m young Nigerians enter into our labour market and we need to e nsure that the economy provides jobs for them. † Okonjo-Iweala blamed the ineffectiveness of government developmental programmes on the fact that Nigeria lacked the institutional capacity to harness the gains of the programmes. In her words, â€Å"When you look at Nigeria, for over 50 to 60 years, we’ve been working without the key institutions that some other people have. We keep making stopgap solutions.For 50 years, we didn’t have a Bureau for Public Procurement; for 50 years, we didn’t have a Debt Management Office. So many of the institutions that we have now are new and if you stand back, you’ll see there are still many gaps. It is now our job to try to fill those gaps. † The faster government moves in that direction the better as we have seen the concomitant effect of youth unemployment manifests itself in various forms across the country. Kidnapping, armed robbery and even militancy in the Niger Delta and to some extent the Boko Haram menace could be identified as some of the negative outcome of unemployment.

Love - veterans homelessness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Love - veterans homelessness - Research Paper Example The term â€Å"homeless veterans† has been explained in two steps in the Congressional Research Service article written by Perl (2011). According to Perl (2011), a homeless veteran is a person who has actively served in the military, naval or air force and was not discharged dishonorably. At the same time a person is considered a homeless veteran if he or she satisfies the definition of â€Å"homeless veteran† according to the McKinney-Vento Homeless Assistance Act. According to the Act a person is considered homeless if he does not have a proper nighttime residence or his nighttime residence is temporary or not appropriate for human beings. In this paper I aim to discuss the veterans homelessness in San Francisco. I intend to explore peer reviewed books and articles for an in depth analysis of the literature, history and current status of the homeless veterans. At the same time the city policy towards the homeless shall also be discussed. Towards the end some of the main causes of homelessness among veterans shall be discussed. Homelessness has been a problem in the US since 1980s. However with the American involvement in the Iraq and Afghan war the problem has become much stronger as scores of veterans that have served the country are found dying on the streets. Veterans suffer all kinds of homelessness but their number is greater in the chronically homeless category when compared with the non-veterans. According to a survey carried out by the VA and quoted by Stone (2008), there are about 2, 075 homeless veterans in San Francisco. Out of these, 533 have been categorized as â€Å"chronically homeless†. A chronically homeless person is an individual who has a disabling condition, is homeless for more than a year or has four episodes of being homeless in three years. The needs of the homeless veterans are almost similar to the demands of the general homeless population of San Francisco.

Essay question Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Question - Essay Example This enables them to hold objects firmly in their hands as to avoiding slipping. Most mammals have double mammary glands in their body systems, while the primates on the other hand have two mammary glands in their body system making them unique mammals in the universe. Mammals like human beings have little hairs on their skins, as opposed to primates like chimpanzees that have many hairs that cover most parts of their bodies. This enables them to feel warmth during cold weather since they spend most of their time in the wild. The primates like the chimpanzees have the capability to walk upright like human beings especially when they need to see objects that are very far away (Pika 13). Unlike other mammals, the primates like chimpanzees are able to communicate with sound and gestures with other members of their family. Primates enjoy surviving in social groups with other members of their family as they groom each other. The survival groups are also meant to build structures for self- defense in times of disasters. Most mammals are classified into only one species, but some primates like chimpanzees are categorized into two species. Locomotion In Humans and Chimpanzees Both human and animals are able to walk upright as the move from one place to another with a lot of ease. The chimpanzees are also able to move with their four limps and they limit their upright movement only in circumstances where they need to see further ahead. Human beings walk upright and cannot walk easily with four limps due to their upright body structures. Human beings have a bowl shaped pelvis that support their internal body organs and enables them to move uprights with a lot of comfort. The chimpanzees on the other hand mostly lean forward during their movements and thus do not need to support their organs with their pelvis and so they posses broader hips. Since chimpanzees have broader structural hips, they can move by both hands and legs and the process of childbirth is easy as compare d to that of human beings (Pika 14). The bowl shaped pelvis in the humans makes it hard for them to move in fours and complicated the process of childbearing since its in opposition to the birth canal. Human feet are straight with toes at the front, chimpanzees on the other hand have slightly curved feet with strong opposable thumbs to facilitate grasping (Mulcahy). The structural feet of human beings enable them to push directly ahead while walking while the chimpanzee feet are mainly meant for crawling and diagonal rotating movements. Dentition comparison with Apes Human beings and chimpanzees have the same dental structure that is composed of 32 teeth and permanent heterodyne dentition in the lifetime. They humans and chimpanzee are also similar in their dental structure in that their young ones have the milk teeth before they develop the permanent teeth. The main difference between the humans and the chimpanzees is that the former have relatively smaller canines than the latter due to the nature of their eating habits. Chimpanzees eat less meat as compared to human but the meat they eat is mostly hard hence it needs bigger canines to tear it (Mulcahy). The bigger chimpanzees’ teeth are also used for self defense since it scare away the potential its potential threats. The canines of chimpanzees are projected outwards while that of humans does not stick out.

Advantages and disadvantages of internet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Advantages and disadvantages of internet - Essay Example The pornographic sites are likely to make certain they are the primary sites to be listed inside any search zone; hence, children encounter such sites effortlessly. Regardless of all of the horrible disadvantages of the Net, there seems to be numerous advantages as well. Actually, the advantages even prevail over the disadvantages. The most frequent thing the Internet is employed for is research. Kids as well as students are amongst the top individuals who make use of the Internet for research. Nowadays, it is almost necessary that students apply the Internet for their research. Entertainment happens to be another popular motive why many kids surf in to the Internet. Now we are able to communicate in a few seconds with a person who happens to be sitting or even working in the other section of the world. There are numerous messenger services which are being offered. With the assistance of such services, it appears to become very simple to create a sort of worldwide friendship where yo u could share your feelings, can discover other cultures of diverse ethnicity. The primary objective of internet has constantly been the communication section. And the internet has stood out beyond the expectations of countless people. Still improvements are going on towards constructing it even faster and more dependable. By the initiation of computer’s Internet, our world has trimmed down and has achieved the form of a universal village. Downloading on line or video games, going into chat rooms, or merely surfing the Web are a few of the uses people have revealed. Information is perhaps the biggest improvement internet has donated. The Internet is an effective treasure trunk of information. Any type of information on whichever topic is very much available on the Internet. You could almost get any variety of data on roughly any kind of issues that you are seeking. In order to keep children protected, parents

Boston marathon bombing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Boston marathon bombing - Research Paper Example Boston marathon bombings. Thesis Statement This paper intends to identify the various aspects associated with the Boston Bombings Massacre. In relation to this context, the paper also aims at fulfilling the objective of learning the possible ways through which future attacks similar to that of Boston Marathon Bombings can be prevented. In addition, the paper will also reflect upon the roles that have been played by the police along with other authorities in the case along with the benefits that can be attained by them if such similar instances occur in the near future. Introduction The Boston Marathon bombings that was held on 15th of April, 2013 kept the world speechless. The Boston Marathon bombings revealed about the grievous damage that can be caused by using few household appliances and lower-power explosive resources. This massacre took away 3 lives and injured around 264 people (The Boston Globe, 2013). The bombs were responsible for creating high amount of impacts as the bomb s exploded in a continuous manner for around 13 seconds in Boylston Street (The Boston Globe, 2013). Thus, the paper will highlights the concerning factors associated with the adversity of the bombings in an in-depth manner. ... Boston marathon bombing that shook the nation and its people. In relation to this aspect, the paper will also comprise different aspects associated with the prevention of terrorism. Summary In relation to the aspects of the Boston marathon bombing, the paper will provide a clear cut idea pertaining to the adversities associated with it. In this similar respect, the paper will highlight certain argumentative sections comprising the rationale of the attacks backed with further understandings of the subject matter with the help of a short literature review. In relation to the benefits, it can be said that the police can widely be benefitted through the Boston marathon bombing. This fact delivers the maximum amount of weightage owing to the participation of the police in reducing the terrorist attacks in near future. It will definitely allow them to showcase their diversified skills in controlling terrorism and attacks. Moreover, it will also allow the police department to make strong co llaboration with broad governmental authorities to cope up with such drastic attacks in the near future. Moreover, it will also provide them with an in-depth knowledge about the prospective danger that simple household appliances and lower-power explosives can cause. In regards to this incident the view of Southers (2013) states â€Å"the threat does not begin and end with al Qaeda†. This view point also provides an in-sight to the police team about being more cautious and assertive in combatting terrorist attacks. However, Boston marathon bombing in the future definitely poses hazards to the public, which causes great deal of concern in their minds. Further instances of such events will definitely lead

Is Experience More Preferable over Academic Results Personal Statement

Is Experience More Preferable over Academic Results - Personal Statement Example My major is economics hence working in this environment was both beneficial and eye-opening for me. As a personal assistant I was able to see the CEO go through her day and the different decisions she was required to make for the benefits of the business. Â  Here I learned my first lesson which was that one must adjust in the practical world and must be ready to make on the spot decisions. The CEO was always under a lot of pressure and had to attend to many different things at the same time. However, I was admirable of her capability to keep calm and delegate each requirement in ways which enabled all the requirements to be met.The economic world is also the same in the sense that economies are always changing. In order for one to stay ahead in this field, he or she should be ready to adjust to different markets and different conditions. One can easily be overwhelmed by the constant changes or requirements, however, the internship taught me that it is easier to make decisions with a cooler head and panicking only slows down the thinking and adaptive process. I was also able to see the different business decisions that the company made and the CEO gave me some advice in about business and how one is always required to take risks, however, they must be calculated and not place the integrity of the person or the company in jeopardy.I also learned many things from being part of a working environment. There are many different characters and people in a company and there will naturally be conflicts of interest at some point. This is especially present in fields involving economics as the profession is very competitive. Hence, by being in this environment I was able to learn about teamwork and how working well with others can help one fulfill his or her duties.

Thomas Telford Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Thomas Telford - Essay Example awhile in the city of Edinburgh, but he intended London in 1782, the place where he has met many talented architects like Robert Adam and Sir William Chambers. It is only there where he was committed to building additions to Somerset House. He was upholding many different skills and talents either in design or in the management of building projects. Thanks to William Puteney, Thomas Telford turned out to be Surveyor of public works in Shropshire and with the aid of this wealthy patron, Thomas became an architect undertaking many successful projects such as the renovation of Shrewsbury Castle, the town’s prison, the church of St. Mary Magdalene, Bridgnorth and another church in Madeley. It is reported also that he designed many bridges. Thomas Telford was famous for being a civil engineer and was all the time consulted for some very challenging and difficult projects. He contributed somehow to water supply works for Liverpool and made remarkable improvements to London’s dockland and the construction of London Bridge. What is more is that Thomas Telford took himself the responsibility of devising a master plan to enhance communications in the highlands of Scotland. This serious and thorny project has lasted some twenty years and has included the building and the redesign of various canals like the Caledonian Canal and the Crinan Canal. Obviously, the most striking incident in Thomas Telford’s life is when he was consulted by the king of Sweden himself in what concerns the building of a canal between Gothenburg and Stockholm. This occurred in 1806 and about four years later, his marvelous plans were carried out in the construction of the GÃ ¶ta Canal. Surprisingly, Telford was never married. The greatest works he did will therefore continue always to attest to his everlasting presence among

Discuss with examples and detail, the responsibilities of the First Term Paper

Discuss with examples and detail, the responsibilities of the First Officer on the scene of a reported crime - Term Paper Example Introduction The primary call to a police officer regarding a crime scene usually comes in different forms: a crime that has already taken place and has just been discovered, a crime in progress, or a crime that just occurred. The way in which the officer responds depends on how he/she receives the call. For instance, he/she can proceed quickly and directly to the scene. When a law-enforcing officer receives a call to respond to a scene of crime, he/she must always follow a logical series of events in order to ascertain everyone’s safety as well as appropriate investigation of the incident. He or she must treat all responses to crime scenes the same way, with expectations that the case under investigation will proceed to trial and be subjected to the criminal justice system’s procedures and policies (Buckles, 2007 and Dale & Becker, 2007). Since a first responder acts in response to all sorts of crimes as well as possible crime scenes, he or she should always act under the assumption that the suspects are still in the crime scene or in its surroundings. Is it therefore critical for him/her to make keen observations on the way to the scene of crime – should be very alert and should constantly make mental notes. With the assumption that suspects may be fleeing from the crime scene, he/she should take note of suspicious vehicles details such as color, make, model and license plates, as well as pedestrians’ descriptions. Better still, he/she can record all these information on a tape, which can be transcribed later to act as leads for law officers as they follow up on a crime after the initial response (Dale & Becker, 2007). Upon arrival, the officer will make use of tactical measures of safely approaching the scene and looking for suspects, victims, and witnesses. Again, depending on the type of crime, the presupposition is that there is a suspect at the crime scene and that there may be victims requiring emergency care. It is therefore worthy emphasizing that the focus of the first officer on the scene of a reported crime is on his own safety as well as that of other individuals at the crime scene, including the victims, other officers taking care of the victims, and those pursuing/ looking for the suspect. It is also worth noting and emphasizing that how to approach a crime scene and what to do are vital as the first responding officer enters and examines the crime scene. What to examine and note include whether or not there is a suspect at the scene, whether or not there is a victim who is being held hostage or who needs emergency care and what safety issues or environmental conditions need to be dealt with (Buckles, 2007). The initial response to a crime is supposed to be expeditious and systematic. On arriving at a crime scene, the first responding officer/the first officer to arrive on the scene of a crime should perform his first responsibility of assessing the scene. It is important for him/her to approach and enter crime scenes as soon as possible, yet carefully, while at the same time exploring any potential events, evidence, vehicles, individuals as well as any environmental conditions that may be linked to the crime. He should keep a record of information such as the location /address of the crime, the exact date and time, the type of call that he/she received, and anything else that might have a bearing on the crime/the scene of crime. He or

Financial Analysis of Competition Bikes Essay Example for Free

Financial Analysis of Competition Bikes Essay Financial Analysis of Competition Bikes Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In financial analysis a complete assessment of a business organization covering competitiveness, profitability, liquidity and stability concerns. Financial analysis of a business is undertaken by reviewing the business’ financial statements. Summarized financial statement reports are frequently presented to executives and top managers for setting up business goals as well as making decisions. Analysis of the financial statements of Competition Bikes demand evaluation of the internal operation focusing on vertical, horizontal, ratio and trend analyses and the working capital. These evaluations communicate profit margins enabling projection of budgets and restraining sales and costs potential. Annual comparison of production performance subject to profit versus overhead helps in forecasting of budgets for production ingredients on a monthly basis (Shim, J. and Siegel, J. 2009). Competition Bikes Horizontal Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is the examination of percentage changes in comparative statements of a business. In this case, it is the evaluation of Competition Bike’s comparative statements between the year 6 and 7 as well as 7 and 8. The horizontal analysis chart helps in indicating the value of accounts payable differential in year 6 and 7 as well as year 7 and year 8. The company’s net sales soared up by 33.3% between year 6 and 7 at $1,495,000. However, net sales differential between year 7 and 8 was a negative implying that sales decreased by 15% at $897,000. Therefore, it is essential that Competition Bikes increases annual sales to reap higher profits. The value of gross profit registered was a negative figure of $266,600 equivalent to 16.3% decrease. Interestingly, the company registered a 37.5% gross profits increase between year 6 and 7 at $447,000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The time period between purchasing of raw materials, manufacturing and distribution of goods is referred to as the operating cycle. The net period in collection of receipts from payments and sales is the cash conversion cycle for the different ingredients consumed and produced by Competition Bikes. The company witnessed a decrease in the operating cycle between years 6 and 7 from 50.52 to 48.00 days. This is explained by the increased growth of sales relative to the inventories growth rate. The cash conversion period between year 6 and 8 was relatively negative. This is because Competition Bikes Inc has a high liquidity owing to the short receivables period supplemented by a lengthy payable deferral period. It is indicative of the efficient management of the company’s resources.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The aggregate of administrative and general expenses between year 6 and 7 increased at $156,440 equivalent to 20.4% increase. However, the increase between year 7 and 8 was significantly lower at $11,004 equivalent to 1.2% increase. Still, Competition Bikes Inc operating income between year 6 and 7 increased at $191,820 equivalent to 154.6% increase. However, this parameter decreased at $318,392 equivalent to 61.9% decrease. Higher profits were registered between year 6 and 7 relative to year 7 and 8 which registered a dcrease in profits.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In addition, the company’s cash account differential between 6 and 7 was a decrease of $142,451 equivalent to 54.6%. However, this differential increased between year 7 and 8 at $326,475 equivalent to 275.4%. The net liabilities difference between year 6 and 7 was $128,620 equal to 1.2% increase. According to horizontal analysis, the total liabilities differential from year 6 to 8 was a decrease at $35,500 or 1.9% (Brigham, E. and Houston, J. 2007).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Still, Competition Bike’s common equity differential between year 6 and 7 was a 2.9% increase equating to $119,914 increase. Horizontal analysis of the same parameter indicates a fall between year 7 and 8 equal to $2,400 or 0.1% decrease. Since year 7 and 8 registered a lesser loss comparative to the gain between years 6 and 7, Competition Bikes Inc. broke even in the former years from the aggregate of year 6 and year 7. Competition Bikes Inc Vertical Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In vertical analysis, an exploration of a company’s statement of financial position is considered to validate each element comparative to the total assets as a percentage. For the income statement, vertical analysis involves exploration of the various variables subject to total sales. This analysis helps in evaluation of the financial performance of Competition Bikes Inc with time. The tabulation below indicates the Vertical Analysis of the Competition Bikes Inc’s Balance Sheet Account elements Year 6 Total assets ($4,199,303) Year 7 Total assets ($4,319,217) Year 8 Total assets ($4,316,817) Notes and accounts Payable 1.6% 4.5% 6.1% Accrued Salaries and other expenses 0.4% 0.3% 0.3% Accrued Expenses 0.5% 0.6% 0.6% Mortgage 42.9% 39.4% 37.1% Long term Liabilities 2.1% 2.0% 1.9% Stockholders Equity 52.5% 53.3% 54.1%   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Competition Bikes Inc Vertical Analysis assesses the liabilities, equities and assets of the company. Overall, the operating expenses fluctuated in little figures indicate a strong internal control policy. Therefore, there was little depreciation on the company subject to the operating sales versus costs. The proportion of liabilities decreased over the three years indicating an improved ability in Competition Bikes Inc to settle debts. The proportion of common equity relative to debts increased over the period signifying a growth in the net capital of the company. Competition Bikes Trend Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is the evaluation of the financial performance of a business over time. Firstly, Competition Bikes Inc balance sheet figures increased tremendously between years 6 and 8. This signifies growth and expansion trend in Competition Bikes. On average, the company grew at 3.3% which is a sustainable growth rate. Over the three years, the sales dropped significantly and especially between year 7 and 8. Nonetheless, the profit margin was relatively strong due to little fluctuations in overhead costs such as materials, productions costs and carrier fees. Therefore, it is potentially possible that the future sales in years 9, 10 and 11 high provided the company maintains the current growth and expansion rate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on trend analysis, it is anticipated that the company’s sales in future will remain strong. This inspires the shareholder to invest more in the company over the next three years. Profits are anticipated to increase at 103.2%, 107.6% and 111.8% over the next three years respectively. In additional, further prodding of the company’s financial statements indicates a declining rate in sales growth rate. For instance, the company sales increase at 8.65% between year 6 and 7 as well as 9.85% between year 7 and year 8. Nonetheless, the significantly small sales growth rate is associative to higher boost in net income which rose by 12.82% and 14.46% in year 7 and 8 respectively. Competition Bikes Ratio Analysis   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is the determination of the past years financial performance relative to other companies ratios, trends as well as those of the company/business under review. These ratios include liquidity, profitability and efficiency ratios.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Liquidity ratios extracted from the statement of financial position determine the ability of the business to pay its debts at and as when they fall due. The fractions are significantly important in computation of the business ability to meet its short term and long term financial obligations and goals. Quick ratio is computed by dividing quick assets by current liabilities. The company registered a low quick ration of 3.11% and 3.21% for years 8 and 7 respectively. This is because as a motor bike retailer, the company must hold high levels of inventory meaning that most of the working capital ends up tied. Considering that the company enjoys a small inventory turnover ratio, this is not a worrying level.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Efficiency ratios include the inventory turnover ratio and the average collection period. The former is obtained by dividing total sales by total inventory. This ratio indicates the efficiency and the rapidity with which the company manages to sell its bikes. In year 7 and 8, the company’s inventory turnover fell from 46.7 to 45.9 indicating decrease strength in paying off debts. The latter ratio is the anticipated period of cashing owed receivables from clients. Competition Bikes Inc current average collection period is 102.6 days. It is not an ideal duration because it implies delayed conversion of receivables into cash for clearing debts and expenses.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Profitability ratios include return on assets and gross profit margin. The former ratio assesses the aptitude of Competition Bikes to raise revenue from its assets. The company’s return on asset parameter in year 7 and 8 was 4.52 and 4.25 respectively. The gross profit margin at the same period was 27.4% and 27% respectively. However, this was a 4.7% drop from the previous 5.3%. The fall in profits translates to poor operations and hence the need to evaluate the company’s strategies. Competition Bikes Working Capital   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This is the difference between the current assets and the current liabilities. It is important to a business because it determines the available resources for increasing production, hiring additional staff, merging and buying out other companies as well as investing in expansion projects. The company had a working capital of $2,123,000 and $1,768,000 in year 7 and 6 respectively. The increased values in working capital indicate an advanced working capital over the three years. Internal Control Strengths and Weaknesses   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These are predominant in the accounts departments. The company has adequate resources to finance its operations now and into the future. This is because all activities are adequately covered financially. Besides, the company boasts a readily available clientele with a potential to attract additional clients. The company maintains a check and balance system to control sales, purchase and cash management translates to a strong internal control system.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Corrective action in weaknesses lists changes to be made to enhance completion of targets and achieving of total significance in a business. The operations and management for implementation are executed by the management to ensure resolution of identified weaknesses. When the firms adopts a tracking system, execution of identified strategies top resolve the deficiencies is easily executed. Corrective actions were installed to improve production and purchasing deficiencies. This is to help in constant inquiry as well as cooperation among various departments in the business. Risks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Businesses face constant risks and threats and therefore, it is important to identify, address and mitigate the risks. Competition Bikes is susceptible to numerous risks such as increased competition resonating to low profit margins. Therefore, the company must strategize on maintaining and attracting additional clients. Still, the internal controls are a threat to the company. Impromptu competition between purchasing unit and the accounting department may result to delay in payment of invoices. Proper communication lines must be set within the company to address broken communication. Compliance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Competition Bikes Inc compliance with Sarbanes-Oxley is indicative of the stringent monitoring controls that the company has installed for internal auditing purposes. This assures stakeholders of the efficient management of the company as well as in compliance with different regulatory framework. Compliance entails provision of an admirable working framework such as motivation of employees, retention of skilled labor and recycling of products. Recommendation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Considering the past performance of the company, it is recommended that the firm must maintain a sound internal control system. This will report deficiencies such as weaknesses in financial reporting. It will help in securing a lock tight financial recording and documentation. Closer monitoring and evaluation of the excess raw materials and manufacturing surpluses will be maintained in reasonable amounts reducing overspending and potential theft. References Bateman, T. S., Snell, S. (2013). M: Management. New York, NY.: McGraw-Hill Companies. Internal Control Systems. (2011, July 4). Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Tread way Commission (COSO). Retrieved December 12, 2013, from http://www.coso.org/documents/COSO_ERM_ExecutiveSummary.pdf.Kieso, D. E., Weygandt, J. J. (2012). Intermediate accounting (9th ed.). New York: Wiley. Shim, J. K., Siegel, J. G. (2012). Schaums outline of financial management (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. Source document

Advanced Train Control System Technology

Advanced Train Control System Technology 1. Introduction The Dockland light Railway is one of Britains great high-tech Automatic Train Control (ATC) system, now carrying over 60 million passengers. This highly developed train control system has expended more rapidly than any UK railways. DLR officially launched in 1987 to serve the existing Docklands population and helps to regenerate the Isle of Dogs area, with 11vehicles convoy and 15 stations. Since then the DLR network has extended to Bank, Beckton, Lewisham, London City Airport and King George V. It has 31 km of railway and 38 station with 94 vehicles [DLR Light News 2007]. DLR now carries more passenger than ever before, with additional increases in demand predicted over the coming years. The systems current 6o million passengers a year is expected to rise up to 80 million by 2009, when a further 55 cars will be added to the fleet [DLR Light News 2008].Passenger numbers will rise further when the DLR assumes a major role in transporting passengers to and from the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympics Games, serving five Olympic venues. [Olympic Delivery Authority (ODA)] For twenty years, passengers travelling on DLR have been intrigued and puzzled by the unique trait of this network, the absence of train drivers. The entire railway operates as a driverless system, carrying more than 200,000 people across East London every weekday. As the trains appear to stop and start with its own harmony, the operation of the network managed and monitored 24 hour a day, 365 days a year, from the DLR Control Centre. For passenger safety, security and assistance there is a Passenger service Agent (PSA) on every DLR train. The DLR is operated through a computerised Automatic control system. Control Room staff has access to a visual overview of the entire DLR network showing exactly where each train is along the railway at any given time. The benefit of operating a network in this way is incredible. As the system is controlled automatically it allows DLR to run many more trains. [DLR Light News 2007] In the field of Automated Train Control System it is imperative to know all trains position on the system for swift and safe operation. On of the common train operating system was fixed block system, where railway track are divided in to number of blocks. These blocks only allowed one train to occupy that block. Until that block is clear, it does not permit other train to get in to that part or track and big gap used to generated between two trains. To operate a numerous train service like DLR, the railway track has to be divided into many short blocks, requiring setting up and maintenance numerous number of signalling equipment, side track and head shunt. Previously DLR operating system was run by fixed-blocks system due to short rail way tracks, lack of side tracks and head shunts and more frequent service demand this system was later replaced by SELTRAC a Transmission-Based Automatic Train Control (TBAC) system based on the Moving Block Principle. SELTRAC is a registered trademark of Alcatel SEL. [Alcatel Canada Transport Automation] 1.1. Aim The sole purpose of this comprehensive study is to go behind the scene of the infrastructure of the Docklands Light Railway operating system and how this transport service has harness the Advanced Train Control System technology to operate and transporting thousands of people around its network in a diversely populated city with great magnitude of fast growing economy. 2. Comprehensive Literature on Advanced Train Control System (ATCS), Latest System Technology on Train Operation and Top-Level Description of the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) Automatic Train Control (ATC) System The First International conference on Advanced Train Control, which was held in 1991 in Denver, suppliers from different countries of the world attended and demonstrated their technology, products and operating system. Burlington Northern (BN) in conjunction with Rockwell produced the first version of ATCS, known as ARES (Advanced Railroad Electronic System), where they developed satellite navigation system for locating trains on the system. They tested this ARES on BNs Iron Range lines in Northern Minnesota with the purpose to integrate trains information system with central commands and control functions. During year1987 to1993, Canadian National Railways (CN) and Canadian Pacific Rail (CP) made momentous improvements in the development and testing of ATCS. A key component in recuperating safety and productivity of train operations is ATCS technology; it provides better communication, more accurate information on train movement, train location, wayside interfaces and locomotives co ndition. Railways are part of a technological rebellion where sophisticated communications equipment and computer systems are in use to control the movement of train. A main new expansion in train operation is data transmission, which help the train driver and the control centre staff to transmit information directly, by radio and on-board computer. [Edward Furman, Network Management for ATCS Communication System 1991] 2.1 Current Technological Expansions 2.2 Advanced Train Control Systems (ATCS) Bombardier in Europe, Railway Association of Canada (RAC) and American Association of Railroads (AAR) began to explore the viability of a radio-based control system that would get rid of human error in the field of train operations [RAC, AAR, 1984].This development was co funded equally by these companies and several other railway companies, suppliers and consultants from Europe, Canada and the U.S. The main purpose of the project was to develop a modular computer-based train control system that will provide safe and more proficient railway operation. ATCS is state-of-art technology, where it ensures a safe train operation service, train separation, train verifying, the safety and the reliability of all movement establishment issued to train and maintenance staff, and also monitoring all equipment status.[U.S Department of Transport, An Aid to positive Train Control, June, 1995] The main goals of the ATC system are to provide: Ability to implement a system with mechanism from different suppliers, which will reduce problems related to interconnecting and interfacing components from different manufacturers. The ability for each railway to select the capabilities and character it needs to implement. interoperability. System compatibility across the railway to ensure faultless operation and interoperability between different railways. [Federal Rail road Administration, 1995] The Advanced Train Control Systems 5 major systems i) Central Dispatch System (CDS): CDS manage the movement of trains all over the railway networks and ensure safe operation without train delays and it also provides automatic train tracking and monitoring, status and control of the train and the field system. ii) The On-Board Locomotive System with two major sub-systems: On-Board Computer (OBC): OBC provides automatic location tracking and automatic transmission of train movement via the data communication system. On-Board Display Terminal (OBT): On-Board Display Terminal display and provides all the necessary information for example; actual train speed, speed limits and restrictions, train location, milepost, track geometry, type of authority, track work protection, and status of switches. The display of the information can be presented in text form or in graphical form depending on type of terminals. iii) On-Board Work Vehicle System: The on-board terminal allows communication between track maintenance staff, central dispatch and vehicles operator via data communications system. iv) Field System: Wayside Interface Units (WIU) are essential equipments in the field system, which provide monitoring and control of wayside devices for example; switches, interlocking, hot-bearing detector and train defect detectors. v) Data Communication System: DCS gather the various information processing systems collectively and considerably reduce voice communications. [George Achakji, March, 1992] 2.3 Data Communication System Data Communications System is based on 5 levels of information dispensation: i) Continental level: Continental level provides the functions that are obligatory for inter-railway operations. For example, transferring waybill. ii) Railway level: Railway level provides the functions which are compulsory for train operations and also for non vital management of train operations. iii) Regional level: Regional level provides operations across dispatch regions, from one dispatch centre to another. iv) Dispatch level: Dispatch level is a central control function for train control. It can communicate with vital or non-vital information and it is also necessitate for this level to communicating of vital information to and from trains, track forces, switches, and other wayside equipments. v) Wayside/mobile level: Wayside/mobile level provides both vital and non-vital processing of locomotive data, track units, and wayside devices; and communications information between trains, wayside and track forces. [George Achakji, Advanced railroad Electronic system, January, 1991] 2.4 Advanced Railroad Electronics System (ARES) The exertion on ARES began in 1984, when The Rockwell International and The Burlington Northern (BN) began to study new technologies that provide automatic identification of train speed and position. Initial tests conducted by The Rockwell International and they demonstrated that GPS could successfully track moving trains. ARES is an integrated command, control, communications, and information system which applies modern avionics technology to railway operations. Its design objectives were similar to those of ATCS, for example, safety and the efficiency of railway operations. In year of 1985, these two companies started to develop a prototype system to determine the production feasibility of this conception. In the year of 1987, Burlington Northern starts their expedition with 17 locomotives, 8 switchers with ARES hardware and GPS receivers, 50 WIU (wayside interface units), two high-rail trains with GPS system on the Mesabi Iron Range [230 mile test track] in Northern Minnesota. The ir prototypes testing began in parallel with the existing control system in 1988 and lasted for four year and the company (BN) reported that good results were obtained. [George Achakji, Advance Railroad Electronic System January 1991] Advanced Railroad Electronics Systems are consists of the following integrated sub-systems: I) data management ii) rail operations control iii) locomotive analysis and reporting IV) on-board display v) energy management and VI) wayside interface. The ARES also has the capabilities for advanced traffic arrangement. The system provides direct dispatcher intervention in hazardous traffic situations, i.e., stopping the train by remote intervention [switch] which can be easily activated from the central dispatch office. During the testing period [ARES] BN and Rockwell had some problem using GPS to achieve high accuracy of train position on parallel track. In an effort to correct the problem of parallel track, BN and Rockwell explored the possible use of real-time differential GPS in terminals and also used others methods to provide more accurate positioning inputs, for example, using transponders for trains approaching switches and sidings. [George Achakji, Advanced railroad Electronic system, ARES, January, 1991] 2.5 Incremental Train Control System (ITCS) On of the vital communications-based train control system is Incremental Train Control System (ITCS) where the system utilize digital data link between the wayside and on-board train location system and it also perform the requirement for traffic control functions. The ITCS provides enforcement of signal indications, speed limits, temporary speed restrictions, and advanced start of crossing signals. This system is developed by Harmon Industry for Amtrak in Michigan. [Peter Winter, ETCS system, 1995] The Incremental Train Control System consists of 3 main sections: i) The locomotive equipment: This locomotive equipment consists of On-Board Computer (OBC), display screen, GPS receiver and mobile communication package. ii) The wayside equipment: This wayside equipment consists of Wayside Interface Units (WIU) and Wayside Interface Unit-servers (WIU-S) (WIU-S are the interface with the signal system), crossing signals and defect detectors. iii) The communications network: This network consists of wayside local area networks (WLAN). This also use spread range radio, so it can link WIU with WIU-servers and radio frequency (RF) networks in the UHF range to link WIU-s with On-Board Computer. Incremental Train Control System is supplemented by ATC or automatic train stop systems. During its normal train operation, the train driver are accountable for observing each signal feature and control the train accordingly the speed limits and restrictions and also stop the train where a stop is necessary. ITCS is responsible for monitoring the signal system and ensure that the train is properly controlled with the speed limits, speed restrictions, and stopping, not maintain these parameters in that case ITCS will automatically apply the breaks to stop the train.[Christian Tietze, ICEs On-Board Train Control and Diagnostics System, 1994] Incremental Train Control System is also known as a distributed control system, not like the ATCS architecture which is a central control system. The On-Board Computer (OBC) store the data from signal indications, track curvature, speed limits, mileposts, speed restrictions, and the locations of all the devices which are needed to communicate with the train. The OBC is also works on the train status report with the help of wayside devices. If three status reports are missed, the OBC will automatically apply the train brakes. The OBC monitors the location of the train with the help of GPS data and compared the track data base. After receiving a signal indicator it determines the appropriate speed of that track. The OBC also calculates a braking outline for the train and display the necessary information on the display screen. In the events of track crossing the OBC will calculate and issue a time to crossing (TTC) to the wayside interface units (WIU). The WIU will synchronize train start timer with the OBC and will confirm that start time. If the train speed exceeds the initial speed, the OBC will calculate and issue a new TTC to the WIU. If the OBC still cannot receive any confirmation that the crossing timer has been began with the correct value, in that case it will demand that train speed to be reduced. In the event of private crossings, the OBC will observe the status and warning system through update messages from the Wayside Interface Units-Server (WIU-S). If the OBC does not receive a message indicating the warning sign is active, in that case train speed will be reduced. Most of the operation manual of ITCS is very close to a conventional ATC. [Christian Tietze, ICEs On-Board Train Control and Diagnostics System, 1994] 2.6 Positive Train Separation (PTS) System The Positive Train Separation (PTS) System is a non-vital safety overlay system. PTS functions in combination with the active operation methods, signal and train control system. This PTS system was first designed for the Union Pacific/Burlington Northern Santa Fe (UP/BNSF) Railroads and state of Washington to Portland Oregon railroads. The PTS system is measured as an add-on system that enhances safety by protecting against all human errors. PTS system is centrally controlled communications-based system, which takes control of movement ability and speed limits of the equipped trains. It is also translucent to the train driver as long as the train is operated according to its movement ability and speed requirement. It will become apparent if the train attempt to exceed its speed limit and movement authority, PTS will issue a warning sound alarm to the train driver and the brakes will be applied if the train driver does not brought the train under control immediately. [Ted Giros, Amtrak Tests Cab Signalling, July 1996] The PTS system consists of 3 following segments: I) The server: This segment confirm the enforceable movement authority and speed limit, trains identification, destination for each train under the PTS control and digitally transmit this information with the help of communication network to the locomotive segment of each equipped train. It also monitors all train movements to prevent conflict. ii) Locomotive: This segment is consists of an On-Board Computer (OBC) and a location determination System (LDS), a mobile radio and a display unit, where train staff can receive textual information. The OBC calculates and constantly updates information about authority limits and speed limits and applies breaks if the authority limits are exceeded. It also calculates the distance required to stop the train. iii) The Communication Segment: Communication segment gather and transmit all information with high reliability between the server and locomotive during the train operations. [Railway Age, May 1997] 2.6.1 Positive Train Control (PTC) System PTS is also a centrally controlled communications-based system. Its software is written in conformance with ATCS stipulation. The purpose of the PTC design is the removal of wayside block signal systems and the management train movements, for example; speed enforcement, enforcement of limits of the authority, protection of maintenance-of-way employees and work vehicles and also monitoring of highway-rail grade crossing.[W Moore Ede, Communications-Based Train Control, May 1997] The Positive Train Control system has 3 main sections: I) Office Equipment: The office equipments are consists of Computer-Aided Dispatching System (CAD), PTC Interface Computer (IC) and a protocol converter to interface with CAD, IC and data communication system. ii) The Data Communications System: This system is consists of 3 interconnected networks: a) Ground Network b) Radio Frequency link Network c) User Network The ground network is consist of cluster controller(CC), base communications package(BCP), message processing nodes, microwave channels, telephone circuits, fibre-optic links and modem to connect the nodes. The Radio Frequency (RF) link is consists of base, mobile radio and radio communication channels. The User Network is consists of all application software within each field device. iii) The Field Equipments: The field equipment is consists of mobile communication packages (MCPS), locomotives and wayside interface units (WIU). During an emergency brake application in normal routing operations, the system automatically transmits an emergency message that will invalidate the limits of authority of the other trains in the surrounding area. The PTC system carries out safety critical data through digital data communication system between Interface Computer (IC) and it self for the train locations, trains preset time and devices for highway-rail grade crossing. In PTC the higher priority data message is an emergency message which occurs due to trains emergency brake application. The PTC system has designed in such a way where failure of an emergency data message will not create any unsafe condition. [Railway Age, Washington may 1997] PTC also uses transponders in the following critical areas: a) during approaching to PTC-equipped territory, b) during the entrance of PTC territory and c) during approach to a controlled point within PTC territory. This transponder provides exact train location and routing determination. When an equipped train passes the transponders to move towards PTC-equipped territory, the system initialize the On-Board Computer (OBC) and set the tachometer to zero for location determination. The equipped train does not enter in to the PTC territory if the OBC cannot be initialized. [R Lindsey, Communication- Based train Management, May 1997] 2.7 European Train Control System (ETCS) The European Union (EU) has adapted a railway network system to overcome the major problems in the field of technical operating system, multiplicity of signalling and train control systems. In 1991 nine foremost European railway companies of the signalling industry reached an agreement with EU to develop a new train control system, which is now known as European train Control System (ETCS). ETCS has the ability to perform in combination with all the existing tracks and wayside equipment under the train protection and train control systems. [R. Ford, 1996] The ETCS is designed to congregate wide series of operational requirements. The capability of ETCS are provided in three levels a) Level 1: The new ETCS interfaces can meet the terms with the existing system. ETCS can also provide a basic Automatic Train Protection (ATP) capability combination with the conventional wayside signals. B) Level 2: This level has the option of speed data display for automatic train speed control. New Cab signalling system is also been added up to ATP capability. But still the trains can be driven by wayside signals equipment and it can also determine the train location with help of tracks fixed equipments and track circuits. c) Level 3: Train location and train integrity detection can be utilize with the help of transponders on the track (same as in ATCS). This system eliminates the need of track circuits and other detection techniques. In this level, the system incessantly provides an update of train location and also transmits the signalling information to all trains to ensure a safe separation. Level 3 ETCS is also capable of moving block signalling to maximize line capacity. One of the main goals behind the ETCS design is to develop common display units which can be easily understood by the all drivers across the boundaries of different European countries. The ETCS operates frequency range in 900 MHZ using data radio transmission called Euradio. This Euradio transmit encoded data in digital form with vital safety signalling standards. Each operational train does constant radio contact with a central computer. This central computer is responsible for controlling the trains movement and safe separation . [R.Ford, Railway Technology International, 1996] 2.7.1 Train a Grande Vitesse (TGV) Train Control System TGV (train grande vitesse) is French high-speed train, which has no wayside signals. SNCF (French National Railways) has determined that for a safe train operation track side signals, cab signalling system and on- board equipment with reliable advance information (road status) are vital to the operator. These requirements led to the development of an ATC system. There are two generations of ATC systems are in use on the TGV network system. Both these systems are significant for continuous link between the train and the track. [George Achakji, TGV System Development, 1992] TVM 300 is the first generation TVM. This TVM uses wired logic and has the following performance levels: at speed of 270 km/h with 5 min headway on the SE Line (in 1981) and at speed of 300 km/h with 4 min headway on the Atlantic Line (in 1989). [George Achakji, TGV System Development, 1992] TVM 430 is the second generation TVM This TVM is a fully-digitized system and it also design to companionable with all versions ground equipment. The TVM 430 is designed to have the following performance levels: at speed of 320 km/h with 3 min headway on the North Line and a mixed traffic with 2.5 min headway in the Channel Link which connects Paris -London-Brussels operation route. The TVM 430 based on a real-time, fault-tolerant architecture. To establish the safety requirements and all other techniques are based either on the intrinsic features of certain components, or on hardware or functional dismissal. [George Achakji, TGV System Development, 1992] The TGV has an on-board data transmission network called TORNAD. It has the facility to communicate between 18 computers (single-unit) and 36 multi-unit computers. The TORNAD has the following main functions: controlling, monitoring, and regulating of equipment; and carrying out the information exchanges for operation and maintenance. [George Achakji, TGV System Development, 1992] TGV has built with an automatic braking system. It stops the train when the driver exceeds the speed limit. During operation period, the brakes are monitored in the region of once a minute, and their status is indicated to the train drivers OBC screen. If the train driver exceeds the maximum speed limit which is permitted by the system, than the automatic train stop system instigate an emergency braking action [George Achakji, TGV System Development, 1992] 2.7.2 Advanced Control System Advance control system for train communication is an incorporated command, control and communication system. It is also known as ASTREE system. It was developed by the Socià ©tà © National des Chemins de Fer (SNCF), for train operations and for the railway network management. The ASTREE system offers computerized real-time control of train movement, with the help of radio telephone communication between a central control and onboard microprocessors. This system provides train position and location modification, ground-train transmission (known as data and voice transmission), switch control, monitoring and interlocking, automatic vehicle identification, train consist acquisition, and train integrity checking.[36] ASTREE system does not put any strong command for safety requested from the communications mechanism because in this system every train is equipped with location and communication capability equipment. During the train operation the trains location can be adjust with passive microwave tags (same as the ATCS track transponders, SNCF has new identification tags, capability to read train speed at 400km/h) through an on-board interrogator and the train constantly knows its own position and speed limit according to authority restrictions. [George Achakji, High-Speed Train, TGV system Development, March 1992]. 2.7.3 German InterCity Express (ICE) System The German InterCity Express (ICE) System is one of the state of-art train operation system set with locomotive at each train coaches. This system implements a sophisticated integrated data transmission system network, which imposes with traction control and also interacts with the each coaches control system. ICE System network uses fibre-optic cable to transmit data for trains diagnostic systems, real-time processing, and block maintenance and also for on-board passenger information and amusement. Using of fibre-optic is the best method for train-bus communication, because it is technically more effective and much more economical. [Christian Tietze, ICEs Onboard Train Control and Diagnostics System, 1994] ICEs electronic control and supervision devices are divided into 4 subsystem levels: I) Train operation level: Train engineers inputs resolute command during train operation from Automatic Train Control (ATC) wayside and Automatic Train Protection ATP) devices. ii) Train control level: This level handles trains automatic driving and braking and traction effort with the help of closed-loop control. iii) Vehicle control level: The vehicle control level has resulting redundancy for the train bus fibre-optic interface and the train control, for example, power car (locomotive) and the train coach. Central diagnosis device on the locomotive called the David monitors and stores all functions and malfunctions. It also checks trains equipment at the beginning of operation. The train controller unit on the trailer coaches called the Zeus. Zeus controls diagnosis and co-ordinates functions for each car. After receiving data from the train levels, it distributes this information to the subsystem level. iii) Subsystem level: The subsystem level includes propulsion control, brake control, auxiliary control, door control, and air conditioning control devices of the train. [Christian Tietze, ICEs Onboard Train Control and Diagnostics System, 1994] 2.8 Intermittent Cab Signalling (ICS) Cab signalling technology has been available and in use for many years. In 1979 it was first established on the Swedish State Railway (SJ X2000) for high-speed train operations. Its function has been proven both in European and North American railways. In the recent years, supplementary developments were undertaken by various railway companies. In U.S.A, Amtrak has tested an intermittent cab signalling system for the future advanced civil speed enforcement system (ACSES). In their signalling design, the system can operates independently and it can also be integrated with existing train control systems. It has the capabilities for enforcement of train speed limits and the automatic stop command by applying the trains breaking system (calculates and compares by trains on-board computer). This system also uses separate passive radio frequency transponders to provide the required data to a passing train. [Ted Giras, Amtrak Tests Cab Signalling, July 1996] 2.9 Docklands Light Railway (DLR) System Overview The Dockland light Railway (DLR) system outline is shown in Figure 1-1. The system comprises existing connection from Bank (BAN) to Canary Wharf (CAW), Tower Gateway (TOG), Stratford (STR) and Lewisham (LEW), Beckton (BEC), as well as a new line to the King George V (KGV) station. This automated system consists of approximately 27 km of double track, except between station Bowchurch (BOC) and Stratford, where section of single track exist. There are two manual deports, which are located at Poplar (POP) and Beckton (BEC).Alcatel Canada provided SELTRAC system, a transmission based signalling system for DLR. Conventional signalling follows the fixed block principle, where tracks are divided into section (blocks) of a prearranged length. A train is only authorized to carry on into a block when that block and the next are clear of traffic. To achieve the closer headway and system flexibility demanded by urban transit, shorter and more numerous blocks are needed in affixed block system. An adaptation of the system known as SELTRAC was developed and implemented by SELC. The technology was expanded to permit fully driverless operation in high capacity (i.e. passenger) application for the cities of Vancouver, Toronto and Detroit for Light rapid transit systems. Over the years these systems have demonstrated high availability and superior operating flexibility. SELTRAC has provided several operation modes including fully automatic known as Automatic train Operation Function (driverless) and Automatic Train Protection function (ATP) Manual. SELTRAC is based on the moving block principle, in which the safe separation behind the proceeding train is dynamically calculated based on the actual operating speeds, breaking curves and locations of the trains on guide way. This dynamic method allows shorter headways to be achieved without impinging on safety principles. With the SELTRAC system, all DLR Automatic Train Operation (ATO), Automatic Train Protection (ATP), and Automatic Train Supervision (ATS) function are performed with a minimum of wayside hardware. Checked-redundant centralised computers are in continues cyclic two-way communication with vehicle-borne, checked-redundant microprocessor control component. DLR major departure from conventional signalling is the centralisation of route

Australia And War :: essays research papers

Name: Frank Trimboli Teacher: Ms Meyers Date: 23/3/98 Should Australia involve itself in wars which do not directly affect its security? Australia has involved itself in four wars where it has suffered substantial life loss and casualty. Those wars included World War 1, World War 2, the Korean War and Vietnam. Did Australia have to involve itself in these wars? Did the lives of these young Australians have to be taken? There is a high degree of complexity in this question. Should Australia, as a mature nation, be taking part in moral issues around the world even though they are not happening on our doorstep? Do we ignore the deaths in Bosnia, the starving millions in Biafra and Ethiopia, the worldwide environmental issues raised by Greenpeace? What is the purpose of developing alliances, both economic and military, with other countries? At stake, in all of these issues, is our desire for a better world to live in. In World War 1 (WW1), 1914-1918, Australian troops became involved in order to give support to the "Mother Country". Great Britain only became involved after Germany did not respect the neutrality of Belgium. In the first world war, Australian soldiers participated in some of the bloodiest and most enduring battles known to man, and soon developed a courageous name for themselves. Of the 330 000 Aussie soldiers who took part in WW1, there were 211 500 casualties and over 60 000 deaths, a casualty rate much higher than that of several other participants. The Australian participation in WW2 was similar to that of WW1 in many ways. After the British declared war on Germany on September 3rd 1939, an Australian declaration of war was automatic. Aussie troops were soon sent to different parts of the world to help the British and other allied countries. It was not until late 1941 that they were recalled in order to defend the homefront. Darwin had been suddenly attacked by Japanese planes and small enemy submarines had snuck into Sydney Harbour. Darwin was repeatedly bombed by Japanese planes until July 1941, when along with American troops, the Aussies managed to drive them out of the Solomon Islands and northeastern New Guinea and eliminate a strong Japanese base at Rabaul. Without General MacArthur's troops, the enemy may very well have invaded Australia. This illustrates the importance of alliances. Over 926 000 Australians fought in WW2, three times as many as in WW1. Of those 33 000 died, only half as many as in WW1.

Philosophy Examined :: Detrminism Conflicts

Assignment: Comment on the Following Statements 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Out of the people edited in Abel or discussed by Palmer, the following are hard determinists†¦ Well, Palmer only discusses two hard determinists: B.F. Skinner, and Sigmund Freud. Out of the texts read in Abel, Abel discusses Skinner and D’Holbach as hard determinists. 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Hard determinism conflicts with some of our ordinary beliefs and experiences. For example: On the one hand, we are raised to believe that we are free, that we posses freedom of thought and action. If we come to a fork in the road, we can either go left or right, either choice is a free choice. A hard determinist would have us believe that our actions are determined, hence, unfree. If the hard determinists theory were in fact true, then, if we were to come to a fork in the road, what use would it be to choose the right, or the left path? For out decision has already been determined, according to the hard determinist point of view. Frankly, I find the idea of hard determinism utterly ridiculous, and incredibly hard to defend. 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If hard determinism is true, then people cannot be held responsible for their actions. This statement is true. For if hard determinism is true, then our actions are determined. Meaning that we have no control over our own actions. Therefore, we cannot be held responsible for out actions, because, we are not responsible for them, for they were determined. If this is indeed true, then the worlds judicial systems have been making mistakes for several thousands of years. 4)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is possible to interpret Freud as being committed to hard determinism. It is also possible to interpret Freud as believing in freedom. This statement is making two claims, which may be interpreted differently by different people. Thus needing some explanation. It is true that Freud was committed to hard determinism, for he believed that the majority of a person’s actions are motivated through the subconscious mind, the subconscious being a driving force in the decision. Subconscious decisions are not free, for the person is not aware of the force of the subconscious. The second part of the above statement is in a sense, true. Freud, being committed to hard-determinism, could not believe it direct freedom. However, Freud did believe that a person could change, thus gaining some control over their actions, and that in a sense, is freedom (i.e. the case of the woman who kept choosing partners who beat her).

Japan social aspects Essay -- essays research papers

The Japanese culture is unlike any other in the world. It has long been known for it’s excellence in education and it’s strong background of family and religion. The Japanese way of life is an assortment of art, literature, music and more; it is nothing short of spectacular. I will explain about some of the different aspects of the Japanese life style as well as take a cultural look into the life of the Japanese.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finding a place to live in Japan isn't easy. Limited supply and high demand result in tiny, hutch size homes with high rent rates. On average, dwellings in Japan have 91.92 square meters (about 989 square feet) of floor space, which is not very much compared to the average house sold in the United States. By Western standards, the Japanese home is very small. In the major cities, most families live in tiny apartments. One third of the housing in Tokyo averages only 121 square feet while the average Japanese home is 989. Land is hard to find and thus extremely expensive. For this reason there are many cultural differences between west and east.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Japanese do not entertain in their homes as they feel that their houses are not worthy enough to bring in visitors. In fact, typical entertaining for men is in a convenient city location, generally, close to where they work. In the cities, it is not at all unusual for people to travel at least one and a half hours to work in each direction.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Good table manners and good manners in general is a key to the Japanese lifestyle. Eating is considered a very formal activity and is treated with the greatest amount of prestige. Just after you sit down at a table, you are given a hot (or sometimes in the summer cold) damp, white towel called an o-shibori. In a restaurant it is generally wrapped in plastic or is often served on a small oblong tray specifically made to place the o-shibori on. The towel is used to wipe your hands. In less formal situations, Japanese men often wash their faces with the towels, but it is best not to do this. After use, the towel is placed back on the tray. The o-shibori does not stay on the table throughout the meal and often napkins are not supplied. It is customary to keep a tissue or a handkerchief with you at all times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Japan, homes are very private and it i... ...;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Japan's national police agency recorded 2.85m crimes last year, a 60% increase from a decade earlier and the highest number reported since the end of the second world war. Although less than 1% of those were classified as â€Å"heinous crimes†Ã¢â‚¬â€such as murder, rape, arson, kidnapping and armed robbery—the incidence of such violent offences has also risen sharply, increasing 75% between 1998 and last year. Even more alarming than the numbers, to some Japanese, is the sense that the most visible perpetrators—foreigners and young people with different values—represent a threat to the safe society they have grown to expect.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Of course, in Japan, as elsewhere, apparent trends in crime can be misleading. Although ghastly killings such as those in Nagasaki and Fukuoka are bound to gain national attention, murders remain rare in Japan, both by international and historical standards. The homicide rate has hardly changed since the mid-1990s, and remains much lower than it was in the 1960s. Nevertheless, prominent murders tap into broader Japanese fears about a wave of violent crimes and other offences, which have indeed been rising sharply.

Calox Case

Business Marketing CALOX CASE Section 1 Overview: The main player is Mike Brown who is the international sales manager for Calox Machinery Corporation. Brown’s situation is to decide between staying with his current New Zealand distributer Glade Industries or to switch to Calox New Zealand, Ltd. The main player for the new company is Geoff Wiggins who created G. W Diggers which he then sold and is now called Glade. Mr. Wiggins is now in charge of the new company Brown is highly considering to switch to. * Decision on which company to go with.Glade has â€Å"gotten its act together† offers a new team of 3 sales executives opposed to Geoff Wiggins â€Å"one man show† * Legal risks * If the new company fails than Calox is basically screwed. Section 2: Since both companies are battling for your business then a smart marketing ploy would be to try to get the best deal/package out of them. See what each company is willing to do so you keep them around. Alternating the prices to benefit your company and see which one is willing to accept. Give Glade a call and have them pitch to you how they’re new team is going to increase sales and how they plan to market.Wiggins on the other hand resume speaks for himself but you can call him and ask how can he market better than Glade’s 3 members. Lastly, another option would be favorable contract negotiation. Try to get a guarantee that the distributer will remain in business with Calox for x amount of years and see who’s most willing. Section 3: facts 1. After Colax sent a letter that they were dropping Glade, Glade came back saying the restructured their sales staff with 3 new skilled employees and have already commenced targeting Wescot’s (major competitor) employees.On the other hand Mike Brown met face to face with Geoff Wiggins. What Brown got out of the interview was that Geoff is very affable, technically knowledgeable, and an excellent marketing person. Also Geoff founded what is now Glade and during his reign had about a 50% share of the New Zealand market. 2. Legal risks- â€Å"sole distributer agreement† is what Glade and Colax had. However, in the case it is unclear of the potential severity of the legal risk. If the relationship is terminated and Glade sued than the amount of the case would probably be 10,000.With that being said it’s still a problem and it isn’t guaranteed they won’t get sued for a lot more. Section 4: My recommendation to this case is to switch with Mr. Wiggins company. Clearly, Glade is in a downfall. Their company is a mess and can’t market Colax’s products effectively. Wiggins on the other hand knows the market extremely well. Colax has had business with him in the past when he originated what is Glade’s today. During Wiggins reign he had about a 50% share of the New Zealand market. Once Wiggins left Glade, the company has been in a downwards spiral.For these reasons I would terminate my agreement with Glade give them their 60 day termination notice and then sign the deal with Wiggins. The legal aspect of it is tricky. But, after reading the case and what the lawyers said was there was not really a probable claim since the agreement was signed when Wiggins was in charge and Glade’s was called G. W. Diggers. The lawyers are not a 100% sure but they are likely that Colax could be threatened to pay approximately 10,000 dollars. With all this being said, Wiggins and Calox New Zealand, Ltd. would be the move I would recommend. Case closed! Enjoy your Labor Day vacation Mr. Brown.

A case study on Padini Malaysia Essay

Introduction: In Malaysia Padini become the eyes catching brand in the most famous giant shopping mall. This brand also the most successful brand that I meet that can compete with the foreign same line brands like Giordano, Esprit, Elle and etc. From the minor focus group I did between my friends and relatives, surprisingly more than 90% of them thought that Padini is the foreign branded name like Esprit. Until I told them that actually Padini is the Malaysia local brand they also feel proud of this brand— Padini. Thus, Padini also has the history from the stretch until today so popular in the Malaysia consumers mind. Therefore, this is the reason why I chosen Padini as the brand that is MADE IN MALAYSIA to compete with other brands in Hong Kong to show that Malaysia Boleh! History: Padini began as a backend operation in Malaysia’s apparel industry, manufacturing, trading and supplying garments for retailers and distributors. Padini in Malaysia’s is a multibillion textiles and garment industry, a brand leader involved in the distribution and retail of its own fashion labels through 170 freestanding stores and in house outlet. It has also proudly carried the Made-in-Malaysia stamp abroad, with garment exports to Singapore, Thailand, Brunei and West Asia. The success of the company can be attributed to the prudence of it management and the commitment of its staff. Padini Products Range: Padini is mainly an integrated operation that controls its products – fashion  wear and accessories – from concept stage to manufacturing, merchandising and image marketing. Each brand represents a fashion philosophy; each philosophy covers a comprehensive range of products aimed at a targeted consumer. Brand image is strongly backed up by real value: quality, functionality and price. Padini Brands We address fashion-conscious consumers of both sexes and all ages through eight distinct brands: Padini Classic, Padini Authentic, PDI, P & Co, Seed, Miki House, and Rope. Vincci accessories have focused on the fast changing tastes of woman consumers, and Seed Cafe opens an exciting new dimension in food operations for the company. Padini’s New Stores The company is on the expansion trail, with new stores targeted in the immediate future for Ampang Point, Prangin Mall Penang, Jusco Maluri and IOI Mall. The Padini Mega Store in Johor Baru confirms the company’s reputation as a visionary leader in fashion retail. The 12,000 sq ft store consolidates all its brands under one roof for a total experience in shopping for clothes. In The Pipeline Padini will maintain and increase its leadership position in Malaysia’s fashion industry through various strategies. New brands and increased product diversity are key expansion policies. The company will continue to upgrade the image of its products while emphasising value and quality. Vincci is the company’s successful toehold in the lucrative but competitive women’s footwear market. There are plans to strengthen its dominant position with improved production lines and increased capacity. Having successfully etched its brand names into the consciousness of Malaysian consumers, Padini is moving to turn its various labels into regionally recognised fashion  leaders. It intends to fulfil the potential of the export market, especially in the Asean region, and will also step up overseas marketing for its products. Image Activities Padini recognises the value of advertising and promotions in enhancing the presence and leadership of its brands. It participates in:*Magazine Advertising (Female, Nuyou, Eh!, Cleo, Marie Claire, FHM, New Tide and Cittabella) *Cinema Advertising (Tanjong Golden Village, Mega and Pavillion) Blow-up posters at key freestanding stores, banners and fashion shows have all contributed to Padini’s complete lifestyle message. Vision The vision shared by everyone in Padini is to be the market leader in the retail industry. We are committed to achieving this goal through hard work, discipline and creative endeavour. Currently, Padini Holdings is consolidating its operations in order to be even more streamlined. In the long terms, we will continue to maintain our high standard of design and manufacturing quality as well as affordability. We are also working towards expanding the business on a regional basis. At present, we have a growing presence in our neighbouring countries, and we believe that there is great scope for growth. Environmental scanning towards country chosen: Marketing in different countries around the world are depending to many influences. It is possible to identify those influences in order to understand the market thoroughly. The development of successful international marketing strategies is based on an effective understanding of the similarity and differences that exist in the countries around the world. Padini are concerned with international markets need to be aware of the variety market contemplations relevant to their operations. Especially Padini only has limited exposure to international markets. Padini also lack of experiences toward the totally differences culture, geographically and other PEST factors countries like Hong Kong and Taiwan. The countries that Padini recently built their brand identity are Singapore, Thailand and Brunei. Therefore, in this assignment I plan to develop this domestic brand —-Padini in Hong Kong. Although it is full of challenge built this domestic brand in this full of stiff competition country. At the same time, Padini also will face a lot of the new problems like how to manage the four seasonal stocks keeping, design, 4p’s and etc. But, if Padini can overcome the problems and successfully built the brand image like Giordano, in the future Padini also can develop their brand in Japan, Middle East, Pakistan and etc. It is because Giordano already successfully open their outlets around the world, amazingly Giordano able to open 50 outlets in Middle East. Thus, in order to eliminate the problems we must scan the environment thoroughly. Buyer behaviour In international marketing the type of buyer behaviour must be matched to market considerations. Thus, Padini must understand the Hong Kong consumers buying behaviour towards fashion. The type of consumer buying behaviour varies according to the type of buying decision. The main influences relate to the differences between the brands available to the consumer and the degree of personal involvement decision. Buying process is relatively quick because of the limited differences between brands (it means the brands that have parallel image like Bossini, Giordano, Elle and etc) But not included high price brands like Guess, Calvin Klein (CK), Gucci and etc. It also under low involvement, low price compare to  Gucci and low risk group. Thus, consumers will always make their quick and fast decision when purchase Padini products. Therefore, if Padini enter into Hong Kong market, in the future Padini will become the potential brand in international market. Culture The difference of culture in international marketing is thoughtful. It is an obvious source of difference. Some easy to manage but some the other ways round. Culture is difficult to define precisely. It is the way, which people live together in a society, it also can influence by religion, education, family and reference groups. In Hong Kong the Hongkee are very concern about their personal image, especially the younger generation. They are willing to spend the money to make-up themselves and never think about the saving. Padini will has a competitive advantage in fashion market it is because nowadays the trend for the fashion will change so aggressively. Padini still can keep the cost low production because Padini is the backend operation apparel industry. Padini also can eliminate the culture problem in Hong Kong it is because the culture between Malaysia Chinese and Hong Kong are quite similar. It is because the Malaysian had influenced by Hong Kong culture through broadcast and media since we had our television. Politic factors The legal system operating within a host country is an important environmental influence for international marketers. Fortunately Padini products are the simple ordinary consumer products. But, the following areas in which international marketing management will be concerned to understand the legal position. Contracts for the supply and delivery of goods and services The registration and enforcement of trademarks, brand names, labelling Patents;Marketing communications;Pricing ;Product safety, acceptability and environmental issues Hong Kong is a free port and the financial hub in Asia. In Hong Kong the politic is stable compare to a lot of other countries. Therefore, it is the time to develop the brand in that country. Economic factors Countries can be classified in a variety of ways. Most classifications are based on national income and degree of industrialisation. Hong Kong GDP per capita in excess of $ 3000. The market size and growth is encouraged, it is because Giordano can open the more than 50 outlets in Hong Kong within a years. Thus, the demand will very impressive if Padini fashion can really suit the taste of the Hongkee. Competitive factors Stiff competition sure will occur in Hong Kong market, but Padini brand image is strongly backed up by real value: quality, functionality and price. In Michael Porter’s five forces the important forces that can affect Padini in Hong Kong is the rivalry between the competitors and customers. The others like substitutes, supplier and new entrant will be the second consideration. How to develop brand image 3.0 Symbols Buyers respond differently to company and brand images. The primary way to account for NIKE. NIKE succeeded in convincing millions of young consumers that shoe is not simply the shoe, it’s an attitude. Padini should also need to acquire this influence power in consumers’ mind. 3.1Media/ Advertising Padini in Malaysia is the popular brand in consumers mind. If Padini wish to develop the brand image in the Hong Kong consumers mind it not so easy. Therefore, Padini should appear in the most popular Hong Kong magazine. Apart from it, Padini also can give the post card brochures to customers to increase the brand awareness. On top of that, Padini might engage in programmes that broadcast the fashion shows around the clock or 24 hours in the Specially formulated Fashion Channel in the satellite TV. 3.2:Events/ product endorsement A company can build an identity through the events it sponsors. Every one know that Hong Kong TV programmes is attractive, consumers like to watch TV at the same time they also like to take the actor or actress as their image role model. Thus, if Padini can successfully sponsor the costume to the actor or actress in some soup opera or TV programmes. Padini brand will become more popular. These role models can conduct fan club activities featuring autography session and all these product endorsers are wearing Padini outfits. When Padini develop their brand in Hong Kong it still need to choose the appropriate media to promote their brand and products. Thus, Padini can take part in their fashion show. For example, every month in Hong Kong most popular shopping centre â€Å"TIME SQUARE† will conduct the fashion show. At the same time, a lot of the famous actors and actresses will come to give the comment toward the model, designer and the fashion they wear. If Padini  product also can be chosen by the famous actor or actress as their brand I feel that Padini will has the bright future in Hong Kong. 3.3: Atmosphere The physical space occupied by the company is another powerful image generators. For example, in Hong Kong DKNY developed a distinctive image through its outlets. When you enter in you will feel enter into star trek space ship. Thus, Padini need to survey how the competitors outlets interior design, layout, colour and furnishings in order to match the taste of the customers. If not, the consumers will project the brand is the inferior brand because of the outlets. How to maintain the brand equity—– ICEBERG MODEL Padini also need to plan how to maintain the brand equity, actually maintain the brand equity is difficulty as develop the brand. A brand is what the customer buys. But, the equity is the marketing asset that exists in the customer’s mind. Brands must be holistically integrated to meet target needs. For example in the Iceberg model the brand with nothing below the waterline lacks depth and sustainability. Thus it will not last for a long period of time. Actually Padini must always take care of their stakeholders. Padini should not only aim for maximising the profit and abandon the employees and other shareholders feeling. The best employees will generate the empire for the company if they sincere to their company. They will feel proud to be the members of the company. On the other hand, if the company squeeze them lack of motivation to them, sooner or later they will try to  destroy the brand of the company. How to be a social responsible brand Nowadays the global marketer concern about environmental issues and social responsible. Padini also can take this opportunity to develop their brand in consumers mind. Padini can do some promotion for example, if the customers purchase their products and keep their recycle bag for next time shopping use in Padini outlet they will deduct 10 cents for the environment charity group. It is because Padini can cultivate the customers to become more environmental friendly and Padini also can save their cost. At the same time, if everyone in Time Square carries Padini Bag, the other will be curious and wish to be part of the culture too. Therefore, the bag should have the serial number therefore the retailers only can proof the bag is old. From the serial number, Padini also can motivate the customers in the better way by offering them the lucky draw in every month to win the Padini products like belt, tee- shirt, vouchers and etc. Padini is the manufactures they have high technology in dyeing the material. At the same time, Padini also can tell the consumers that they very concern the environment pollution issues. Conclusion—- Long Term Strategy Padini also need to do the internal and external audit to strengthen the position in the international market. To do the audit the first step should do by Padini is to benchmarking with their strategy group competitors. The following picture is some example how to maintain the advertisement quality, outlets atmosphere, models, design and brand image compare with the competitors. Therefore, Padini also need to employ some of the foreign designer to pump in  some new blood in their new innovate design or pattern. Padini also need to provide some training to their stuffs to enhance skill and knowledge. As we know that world change aggressively, competitors have born everyday. If we cannot plan to create the value chain to the company, the company will hard to survive prosperity.

Christian Foundations By: Kathleen Fischer & Thomas Hart Essay

Many people would agree that without faith, the world would be in chaos. The book Christian Foundation by Kathleen Fischer and Thomas Hart gives an interpretation on faith in our time. Many people would question the definition of faith. Faith is a gift, which is given by God to have trust in him and belief in him. This book is a great entry in anyone’s life that has speculation on his or her own faith. The book has many ways into understanding ones own religion. It discusses the Bible, Jesus, Church, God’s existence and Images of God. All of these chapters helped me get a better interpretation of what my religion entailed. To understand God you must first get a decent understanding of the bible. The bible has been translated from the original languages of Hebrew, Greek and Aramaic. It now exists in every language known to man. It also remains to be the best selling book in the world. In the book they ask the question, â€Å"Why is this book so important?† (Pp. 47). Well to fully understand that question, you have to know what the bible entails. The bible is divided into two major parts, the Old Testament and the New Testament. The word Testament means covenant. Both books are extremely different. However, they both help develop a better understanding of faith. The Old Testament is composed of six historical books, three Major Prophets, twelve Minor Prophets, thirteen writings and seven books of the second canon. These books are all part of a revelation unlike any other. The Old testaments purpose is to give us focus. God wants to reveal what we could never discover on our own. It also gives us heroes who helped believers see that God did exist. One major story, that everyone has probably heard a million times, is the story of Moses. Moses is recognized for the saving of his people from Egypt. The Old Testament also shows how God created the world and how he wants us to act in his world. In the New Testament the main focus is on the four gospels, which take place in the life span of Jesus. It is written by four disciples of Jesus, Matthew, Mark, Luke and John. The New Testament focuses on Jesus’ life, how he was sent to be our Savior, his healing miracles and teachings of his father. The first three gospels show a huge resemblance to each other. They  are called â€Å"synoptic gospels†. The book defines this as being able to line them up in parallel columns. The fourth gospel by John has a character of its own. He only has about eight percent of synoptic material. John is set to be the only one of the four to have a distinctive interpretation of Jesus. The book uses this example when John describes Jesus’ washing of the feet at the last supper. John’s description of the last supper goes on for five chapters, enabling him to be the most distinctive. Another great part of this book is the breakdown in the importance of Jesus. Jesus has great significance in religion. To me, Jesus is the key element to understanding religion. He was very different from other heroes in the bible. For Jesus is the essence of a major part of religion’s creation. He has been called other names such as Christ or the Messiah. Jesus was sent by God to deliver us from evil. Through Jesus’ preaching, he stated that he was the reign of God that had been sent to be our savior. He was executed for political charges of Blasphemy by Roman authorities. Blasphemy is claiming the power of God. He was crucified through Pontius Pilate, who was convinced that Jesus was harmless, and gave his people a chance to declare Jesus innocent. Under the pressure of the crowd, Pilate sends Jesus to his death. Jesus was crucified with an inscription over his head that read † Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews†. After his death, he was laid to rest in the tomb of a wealthy friend. The real revelation takes place a few days after his death where he is seen alive by many witnesses and individual groups of people who grieved his passing. People who witnessed his resurrection believe that God raised him from the dead to be glorified, and that his message was to be preached to the ends of the earth. Jesus’ death was an act of love that represents his final testimony to his trust in the faithful and loving God he proclaimed as his father. The beginning of church is said to have risen from the resurrection of Jesus. In fact after the Pentecost, the disciples were celebrating the blessing given to Moses at Mount Sinai in which he experienced the presence of God. After this experience, the disciples were believed to be bold, understanding and Courageous. These characteristics till this day are still celebrated on Pentecost Sunday and are used for the sacrament of Confirmation, which is  receiving the responsibility of a Christian and accepting the Holy Spirit. Church has been the backbone of people’s faith. It has given them a comforting home to pray and be one with God. Today, however, more people are practicing faith outside the church. The majority of followers believe in God and life after death, however, many have lack of interest in the church. Church must be looked as a community of disciples. The book uses a suggestion from a Roman Catholic theologian Avery Dulles. He suggests, â€Å"that most appropriate image of the church for our times is the church as a community of disciples†(pp. 157). I totally agree with his suggestion. In order for Christians to find fulfillment in ones faith, one must help others understand their faith. We need to be grounded in grace; by being a Christian community your focus on believing is responding freely to a personal call and reminds us that we ourselves are the church. Church should be places where any one could feel comfortable praying and receiving Christ. It is so amazing to know that even at an early age you believe in God. We start believing in the existence of God as early as the age of two. As we get older and realize the other eras in life that have occurred, such as science and other advancements, we start to develop curiosity and doubt. We have the desire for questions to be answered. Is there truly a greater life out there for me? Does God truly exist? There are three beliefs in God atheism, agnosticism, and theism. Atheism is the belief that there is no God. Agnosticism is a person who simply doesn’t know if there is a God. And last but not least, theism, which is a person that believes that God does truly exist. Although there are many evidences that God exist, there are many hints in which lead to an existence. Some examples of God’s existence are the testimony of Conscience, where we feel ourselves bound by certain moral obligations (pp. 21). It’s interesting when we obey them how we feel at peace. We don’t feel guilty or troubled in any way. Another example is time, in which the Hebrew scripture’s record a period of almost 2000 years (pp. 22). We have seen countless generations of various circumstances and belief in the same God. Faith in some people is so recognizable that it has made an extreme impact on their lives. Images of God come from the fact that no one has ever physically seen God.  Although many people have claimed to experience God, he remains a mystery. Jesus shared images of God with his disciples when he preached but never gave a description of his appearance, which leaves us to use our imagination. He just paints pictures by presenting images of action. Biblical images of God are presented in two different aspects theologians have used personal ones, which are masculine and Feminine. In a masculine image God is presented as a King, Lord, Warrior, Master and a Judge, and Father, which have all predominately been traits of a male. When they describe God of a feminine image, they present God as a women giving birth. Sometimes the Holy Spirit and Christ are reflected in female images as well (pp. 34). There are also impersonal images where God is described as a rock, shield, fortress, water, mountain, light, or as a great protecting bird. Reading this book gave me a great explanation to my own faith. Some of my own questions were in the book and helped me answer them clearly and concisely. Recently I have found doubt in my own belief. In fact coming to the realization of that, it is very natural for a college student to have doubts in their own faith. It gave me hope that one day I will understand religion. Religion must come naturally and can’t be forced on any individual at any time. The sad thing is that the majority of the time people instill faith and interpretation on individuals, thinking that this will bring them salvation and peace of mind. However, it leaves people confused and doubtful. The book made me see that each individual will have their own quest for meaning and purpose of their own faith. When you read this book you will also know that the understanding of God will not only come out of one book and that Jesus’ life and teaching is an on going challenge and process of interpretation. As you grow the meaning of certain scriptures become different. Every time you read the bible you will incorporate a new meaning or a new interpretation. The bible reflects our own life and destiny. Therefore it becomes inevitable that any person will read the bible and get the same meaning. God made us all to be different and that I guess is his true acknowledgment to us. Individuality! In conclusion faith is the most important part of religion. Christian Foundations helps you see what faith is, it helps develop and answer your  own struggles in religion. And gives you a balanced foundation of what being a Christian entails. The book is very clear reading and is very knowledgeable. It will help you see a new light in the path to God and his existence. In order to live productive religious lives, one must have spiritual guidance and wisdom. I believe this book is a great first step to this challenge.