Music Video Treatment free essay sample

The account is essential as delineated in the above content. After the beating of the computer game, they stroll off in the street, conceivable going to unleash more devastation as they proceed with their flawlessly careless Journey around the square. Idea: The idea driving the video isn't as essential as it appears, the characters are strolling around the square, the walk is fundamentally a Journey, for something exceptional or significant, that is the reason it is accentuated. The exhibit of this hip jump exemplary feel is a Journey, sort of a Journey back what exactly matters, the straightforward things. The Band needs to set up a mirror to the general public that is ruined with hip-bounce melodies about cash and ladies and alcohol, with no work on the verses and substance. The video is taken marginally from the Easy Rider Journey, random pondering of a vital piece of the general public. Also, in the altering we will attempt to guarantee that the crowd feels the strange nature and bewilderment of the video, and yet featuring the basic pieces of HP bounce tunes. We will compose a custom article test on Music Video Treatment or on the other hand any comparable theme explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Areas: The video will be shot in Cybercafã ©/Clangor/Malaysia.The area is fundamentally walk-way around an extremely well known yet rather unnoticeable land around the city. This is likewise to improve the lack of clarity and revelation of the band, as it is their first music video. The subsequent area is a divider in a Junction. This is on the grounds that the spot has a lush base and will be appropriate for obliterating the Pollination. Pace: The Video is predominantly going to be in moderate movement, making a looked for of trans impact for the watchers. One section will be ordinary speed Just to keep them muddled and furthermore show the distinctive rap styles that the gathering entails.The slices will be there to guarantee that the crowd feels that they are watching a flood of occasions that could possibly be occurring. Shading/Tone: The shading is extremely grimy and grungy. What's more, to completely get what the craftsman needed, we went for the military shading evaluating. The most noteworthy hues are earthy colored and green. This is on the grounds that the whole video is about Hardcore Hip-Hop, and for the most part, no-nonsense hip-jump fans consider themselves to be troopers. This likewise goes with the closet decision of one of the musicians who decides to wear a disguise T-shirt.The Green and Brown argental fluctuates among cutaways and various scenes obviously to show the brought together green and earthy colored. The hues there are solid and strong to outline the solid idea of the craftsmen vocals. The second portion that is the strolling part, its more on the light earthy colored and present day (moments) style. This is to show a non-compromising and relaxed feel to explore an unobtrusive tension in the crowds mind. Finally the last piece of the Play Station obliteration has a lower immersion and nearly appears to be darker, in order to go with an increasingly hazardous rationale and expectation. Essentially, the last scene is a representation for pounding an individual rather than a computer game. Shooting: The recording procedure will be exceptionally clear yet additionally confused for the craftsman. The main stanza of the tune will be in moderate movement. In other to do that we need to record the melody in 200% speed so the craftsman can remember it, after which he presents his refrain. The camera utilized will be DSL; Canon 55TH. Despite the fact that it's anything but a full casing camera, a mother focal point will be utilized to get the best out of the nearby shot so as o pass on profundity of field.The shooting will likewise include the utilization of steadiest. This is significant particularly since the vast majority of the tune is stroll around the square. The steadiest will give the ideal perfection to the whole film. Advances: Final Cut Pro: Final cut will be the essential altering apparatus, for cuts and time traveling and casing coordinating. The apparatuses accessible in FPC are important to do the essential altering in the music video. Eventual outcomes: After Effects will be utilized for the hues and different impacts that will be utilized in the video.But for the most part, the hues and producing the great film look that will make the video a touch tasteful than the heap. Photographs: The Title of the melody and the band name is seen toward the start of the tune. This is altered in Photos to give it a progressively entertaining feel. Target Audience: The Target Audience is between the ages of 14 to 34. The specialists are attempting to hit any hip-bounce darling from any age. Yet additionally attempting to change in the little youngsters of today their impression of hip bounce. Accordingly the intended interest group is extremely enormous to attempt to accomplish their main goal.

Partition after Civil Wars Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Segment after Civil Wars - Research Paper Example The subsequent settlements of the issue after the grisly considerate wars can regularly result into further slaughter. Breakout of the State because of the ethnic issues thusly can set various ethnicities against one another and exacerbate the general analysis in view of the straightforwardness with which techniques like ethnic purifying can be adjusted. What is likewise noteworthy to comprehend that creator has basically contended that so as to maintain a strategic distance from ethnic common wars, it is significant that segment ought to be considered as one of the feasible strategy elective. This contention depends on the suppositions that the ethnic clashes have practically comparable elements along these lines making it hard to return the multi-ethnic state in same state as before the war. Free and Dependent Variables A closer examination of the article would propose that writer has endeavored to make connect between the ethnic clashes and common wars with the parcel. As such the needy variable is the parcel of the geological territories though the accomplishment of harmony and absence of contention because of the ethnic clash as a free factor. ... Contextual investigations are frequently founded on a top to bottom examination of specific occasions, gatherings or people and as such can give a far reaching diagram of subjects under survey. Creator has given far reaching subtleties of the diverse ethnic clashes which occurred and the aftereffects of their settlement. Creator has likewise utilized review of the current writing to introduce a hypothetical investigation of the general setting of the ethnic clashes and their answers. Review of existing writing additionally offers a legitimate hypothetical stage dependent on which writer can really construct the hypothetical establishments for the examination embraced. By refering to different models from history creator has really been fruitful in giving a far reaching diagram of how the diverse arranging settlements flopped due to non-parcel based answers for the issue of ethnic clashes. End This article is thorough as in it has offered a complete review of the recorded records of t he diverse moral and social clashes. The general hypothetical establishments are set to talk about different methodologies sent to determine the multi-ethnic clashes and how they neglected to accomplish the ideal outcomes. Creator has adjusted contextual analysis approach under which an outline of the various clashes and their settlements. The general finish of the article is that the segment can be one of the attainable strategy choices to comprehend the ethnic clashes and stay away from common wars. Is it accurate to say that you are persuaded? Why? In spite of the fact that segment can be one of the key approach options in any case, to get a general worthiness of the equivalent may stay one of the key difficulties to such arrangement choices. In the event that, for example, Palestine and Israel where a different State has been made for

UGA Decision Dates for 2019 - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

UGA Decision Dates for 2019 - UGA Undergraduate Admissions UGA Decision Dates for 2019 The final two decision dates for UGA freshman applicants are now set (unless some major issue impacts our office), and the smaller February wave of decisions will be released on Friday, February 8, while the final decisions in March will be released on Friday, March 15. In addition, transfer decisions will begin being released on Friday, March 1. Decisions are all released in the late afternoon, but I do not have an exact time (so dont ask me for one). February Decisions UGA will offer admission to just around 2,000 freshman applicants on Friday, February 8. This group of decisions is made up of only offers of admission, and if you were admitted, you will be able to see the decision on your Admission Status page (so only admitted students will see a decision change on their status page) and these admits will receive an email communication. Additionally, an admissions packet will be sent out in the mail the following week. Our office is too busy reviewing files for me to run any mid-range academic averages at this time, but the academic information should be very similar to the Early Action admitted students (it will not be exactly the same, as we had a large number of EA admits who were applying for our top scholarships, which slightly skews EA stats a little higher). My earlier blog post about Early Action decisions gives you more insight into the academic strength of this range of student. As we did in the November Early Action o ffers of admission, there will be some scholarship offers in this group, and those who have received them will see it on the status page. We will continue to offer scholarships through late March, so please be patient as we do these reviews.These admitted freshman, made up of mostly Regular Decision applicants, met the stringent academic criteria of Early Action admission that we used with our much larger wave of November admission offers.Do not panic if you are not admitted with the February group. We are still very much in the midst of carefully reviewing documents and data on a great many more files, and there are still lots of decisions to make. March Final Decisions On Friday, March 15, all final freshman decisions will be released. There will be three decision groups (Admit, Deny and Wait-List), and I will try to post some information on all three of these decisions during the week leading up to the final decision release. We will also have a small group of freshman that we will admit for the Spring 2020 term. We are still deep in the holistic read process, and I do not have any numbers on how many final admits we will make, what the statistics will look like overall, or how many students will be put on the wait-list. When we do release final decisions, I will have statistics on the overall applicant pool and admitted group the following week, but not broken out into the different release dates. After we make final decisions, we will continue to offer scholarships through late March, so please be patient as we do these reviews as well. Thank you for your patience during this review process. Transfer Applicants We have begun reviewing the Summer and Fall transfer applicants, and we will release the first group of transfer decisions on Friday, March 1. We will then continue to release transfer decisions every Friday. All applicants with a decision will receive an email alerting them to a change in their status, so you do not need to constantly check your admission status page. We generally review transfer applicants by term first (so summer decisions before fall if possible), and then roughly by the date the file becomes complete. This is not exact, as some transfer files are more complicated than others to review. As such, please do not compare application date to release dates with others, as it might vary due to other factors (included days when several hundred applications were received/completed). Go Dawgs!

Breast Cancer Disease - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 652 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/02/06 Category Medicine Essay Level High school Tags: Breast Cancer Essay Did you like this example? The world is filled with terrible things, many of which are health problems. These problems can be fatal, damaging, and can change lifes. This specific disease, breast cancer, affects more than 200,000 women a year. As many people know, cancer is caused by overgrowth of the cells in ones body. It is also caused by the start of a tumor or the growth of a pre-existing tumor. Breast cancer is started like most cancers, with an overgrowth in the breast tissue which eventually turns into a tumor. In some cases, it can be felt as a lump. This type of cancer is very common in women, but not as common in men. Some of the symptoms of this cancer are lumps in the breasts, a shape change in the nipple, and discharge from the nipple. These are some of the symptoms to alert a person if breast cancer is present in ones body. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Breast Cancer Disease" essay for you Create order There are many ways that breast cancer can be detected. One of the many ways is by scheduling a mammogram with a doctor. A mammogram is a machine that uses mammography to find alarming masses in the breasts. A mammogram is also kind of like a x-ray. The second way of detecting breast cancer is by getting an ultrasound. This method is also used by doctors to check on a fetus in the mother’s stomach, and check its health and progress. The way that an ultrasound works is that it uses soundwaves to create a very complex and detailed map of the inside of wherever the tool is being placed/used. One last way of diagnosing breast cancer is by going to get regular breast check ups. These check ups will consist of a trained professional examining both breasts, both armpits, and lymph nodes near the breast tissue. If the doctor does not find anything, they may look in other places to make sure that everything is as it should be, and that they didn’t miss anything. Once somebody is diagnosed with breast cancer, the doctors have to decide what stage the cancer is in. The stage of cancer also just means how extensive the progression is. To figure this out, the doctors have to do a series of tests that consist of blood tests, MRIs, PET scans, and bone scans. These all will accurately determine how severe your breast cancer is. The most common type of treatment is chemotherapy. This form of treatment is very harsh due to the amount of stress that is put on the body during the process. One of the many of the side effects of chemotherapy are a large amount of hair loss. To hide the hair loss, many people wear stocking caps and/ or large scarfs that cover the entire head. Some of the less severe symptoms consist of fatigue, being able to easily bruise or bleed, and vomiting. Depending on the severity of the cancer, a mastectomy might also be an available option. A mastectomy is where a surgeon would remove all of the affected tissue from the area so the patient does not have to go through the side effects of chemotherapy. There are a few way that breast cancer is inherited. One of the ways is if the gene mutation BRCA1 or BRCA2 is passed from the parent to the offspring. BRCA stands for BReast CAncer. If wanted, one can be tested early in life to see if they have these breast cancer gene mutations. If they do, one can start cancer treatment early, if the treatment is started early, it will be less severe and it won’t be as harsh on the body. This is the best part gene testing, being able to catch brutal diseases before they have a chance to develop and progress. Breast cancer is a difficult life situation do deal with, that many women have to deal with daily, but can overcome.

Cyber Bullying Awareness - Thesis - 2011 Words

The Awareness on Cyber bullying as Perceived by the Second Year High School Students of St. Martin Montessori School, Inc. School Year 2012-2013 The Problem and It’s Background This chapter presents the description of the problem and its background. It mainly introduces the topic itself. Chapter 1 Introduction â€Å"Cyberspace† sometimes called as â€Å"Internet world†, is described by the Merriam Webster as the online world of computer networks and especially the â€Å"Internet†. It is a wide array of alternative activities conducted using medium whether a personal computer or a portable devices. Its main purpose is to establish communication with other people around the globe. Also, it is used for recreational activities, researches,†¦show more content†¦Martin Montessori, Inc. School Year 2012-2013 with respect to: a. Gender b. Age c. Internet Connection d. Academic Performance Significance of the study: The primary objective of this research is to gather sufficient data about Cyber bullying as perceived by the Second year High School students of St. Martin Montessori School, Inc. School Year 2012-2013. The result of this study can bring awareness for the students, teachers and parents in dealing with Cyber bullying. After conducting this study, the researchers tend to know how aware the respondents are to this phenomenon. Scope and Delimitations of the Study The actual study will be conducted on Second Year High School students consisting of at least 120 respondents from the 4 different sections namely Leeuwenhoek, Malthus, Wallace and Weinberg of this School year 2012-2013. Sophomore students were chosen by the researchers for they are in between the years of being bullied and being exposed in the cyberspace. Definition of terms Abuse- is the improper usage or treatment for a bad purpose, often to unfairly or improperly gain benefit. Agenda- a comprehensive plan of action to be taken Array- is a systematic arrangement of objects Adolescents- a young person who has undergone puberty but who has not reached full maturity; a teenager. Autonomy- is an idea that is generally understood to refer to the capacity to be ones own person. Authentically- Conforming to fact and therefore worthy ofShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Cyberbullying693 Words   |  3 Pagespower to destroy lives, mentally and physically. II. Central Idea: A. Cyber Bullying is a known problem all across the world. It goes unnoticed as actual bullying most of the time, but cyber bullying can be very harmful and sometime even fatal. More and more people are standing up against it but there are still a lot of cyber bullies in the world. III. Credibility Statement: A. I am speaking up for victims who have been bullying and they really need our helps to make them to feel stronger enough toRead MoreProblem, Cause, Solution Template Outline Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pageslife, but define yourself.† (SLIDE THREE) STOMP Out Bullying is an anti-bullying organization that has helped millions of lives. Not many people realize how a few words can have a big impact on someone. STOMP Out Bullying focuses on helping and trying to prevent abuse regards to racism, homophobia, sexism and more. B. Audience Relevance (SLIDE FOUR) Everyone has seen or experienced bullying first hand, whether it was physical, verbal, social or cyber. It is estimated by the National Center for EducationalRead MoreCyberbullying: Social Media and Its Effects2033 Words   |  8 Pagesï » ¿ Cyber-bullying: Social Media and its Affects Introduction to Cyber Bullying Since the man has first walked on the planet Earth, they have been encountering infinite social dilemmas and nobody is left untouched with its drastic impacts. While considering the numerous social concerns of the todays fast paced world, bullying, indeed cyber bullying has become one of the aspects that needs serious consideration. The statistical analysis evidently presents the fact that bullying has become anRead More The Bullying Crisis in America Essays1949 Words   |  8 PagesSchools do not talk about it, parents do not know how to stop it from happening, but so many suffer from it, bullying. Bullying has become the biggest growing issue in the world. So many people go through the day in silence while struggling to not let bullying affect them, but it does. Bullying happens in so many different ways, but no one ever talks about it. Everyday 160,000 people suffer from being bullied at school and half of those people will try to commit suicide because of it (Karmazin).Read More Social Media And Mobile Technology1515 Words   |  7 Pagescommunity. As Grande mentioned in his thesis (2015, 1), elderly users utilise and participate in various online activities on some popular social network sites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and YouTube, to stay connected with their significant people, family members, and friends. Also, active use of social media could be a great part of healthy psychological aging in the elderly user group, and a portal of information to increase their health awareness in related to prevention, diagnosis,Read MoreBullying Prevention2457 Words   |  10 PagesProblem of bullying in schools Problem-solution essay Final draft Academic Reading and writing I Nurman Assima (ID: 20110635) November 25, 2011 Outline I. Introduction Thesis statement: Due to the fact that problem of bullying negatively affects students learning ability, their health and the entire school climate society should take definite and urgent measures to solve it. II. Background * School bullying is a kind of aggressive and angry behaviour. *Read MoreHow Social Networking Affects Our Society2113 Words   |  9 Pagesthat social networking websites have negative influences on the society. For example, it leads to decreased productivity in schools and organizations, affects the adults and children negatively, decreases levels of national privacy and increases cyber bullying among others (Morris, Teevan Panovich, 2010). Acknowledgment of opposing position There are always two sides of a coin and social networking websites bear no exception since they have advantages and disadvantages. To acknowledge the opposingRead MoreA Brief Note On The And Measuring Crime3129 Words   |  13 Pagesstate laws governing the land at the time, and is becoming more and more of an issue in modern society. With shows such as Crimewatch and the constant negative portrayal by the media, crime is becoming what is known as a moral panic , and raising awareness about different type of crimes as well as frenzy (Cohen, 2002). Some of the predominate sources of UK government data on the levels and attitudes to crime, are self-report studies where offenders tell of their crime, police crime statistics andRead MoreUser Awareness Regarding Privacy Settings in Social Media Sites - Facebook/ Orkut3505 Words   |  15 Pageson, â€Å"The scope of awareness of privacy rights among students using social networking sites.† Representation of facts and figures is based on a survey carried out on Facebook users between the age of 18 and 25 years old. The Results of this paper support and reinforce our understanding of negative aspects of providing excessive information on Facebook. The research document also aims at encouraging users to be well informed of such sites before registering with it. This thesis will begin by informingRead MoreOn Aristotles Friendship and Social Network10537 Words   |  43 PagesRozi. Current Issues and Trends: Social Networking. Illinois: Northern Illinois University, 2010. The focus of this thesis, however, will be whether these tools, social networking tools in particular, present a strategic opportunity for teachers to present the current curriculum and whether there would be benefits of using these tools with students. At the later part of the thesis, the authors give an in-depth look at learning applications of one social networking tool, Facebook. However, this research

Gay Marriage And The Civil Rights Of All American People

While some states have began to embrace the civil rights of all American people and allowing both hetero- and homo-sexual couples to marry, some states have done quite the opposite and banned same sex marriages and unions. Not all Americans feel so strongly about legalizing same sex marriage. Those against same sex marriage believe marriage has been defined as being between a man and a woman. However, that has not always been true, as explained in the beginning of this paper, the ancient people commonly wed the same gender and them and also had same sex sexual relations (ProCon.org). In fact in the first century Nero the Emperor of Rome married at least two of his lovers who were men (Chastain 19.) It was not until Christianity became a wide spread religion that sodomy and homosexuality became immoral. Those who oppose the legalization of gay marriage also believe that same sex marriage will threaten the institution of marriage. Marriages since 2011 have been at a new low, with only 52 percent of adults being married (Yen). However gays are fighting for the right to marry who they love, while heterosexual couples take that for granted. Divorce rates are currently lingering around 40-50% that is without gays being able to be married in many states. By allow homosexuals to marry their significant others, it will allow for a stronger bond and maybe bring back life into the deteriorating world of marriage. In states that do allow for same sex marriages, their divorce rates areShow MoreRelatedLegalizing Gay Marriage Essays800 Words   |  4 PagesLegalizing Gay Marriage The battle over Gay marriage in the United States reached a fever pitch during the presidential election of 2004. The issue vaulted into prominence when the Democratic mayor of San Francisco flouted state law and performed marriage ceremonies for Gay couples. Conservatives claim that the issue catapulted them into power by motivating fundamentalist Christian voters to turnout in order to defeat anti-gay-marriage amendments in eleven states, includingRead MoreEssay on Pro Same-Sex Marriage and Pro Family1487 Words   |  6 Pagesin loving relationships - maybe in marriage or other forms of commitment. We need to ponder our own choices and try to understand the choices of others. Love has many shapes and colors and is not finite. It cannot be measured or defined in terms of sexual orientation.quot; ( Same sex marriage and civil unions) nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; America’s population is growing, and the number of homosexuals is increasing as well. With the growing population of gays in America’s communities growing closerRead MoreGay Marriage Should Be Legal1019 Words   |  5 PagesIn Defense of Gay Marriage Right now our country is still dealing with one of the bigger social issues that plagues our society. People will argue for and against it in many different ways, whether it be right or wrong. The issue at hand is whether gay marriage should be legal or illegal. There are arguments on both sides of the spectrum, but at the end of the day gay marriage should be legal in all 50 states. Marriage is a right and freedom that should not be denied to any one person because ofRead MoreThe Fight for Gay Rights Essay1226 Words   |  5 PagesThe fight to legalize gay marriage has won many battles in recent years. It has become available in Canada, England, New Zealand, and here in the United States it is now legal in 13 states (religioustolerence.org). Gay couples have become more prominently accepted in modern society, appearing in popular TV shows such as â€Å"Modern Family† and â€Å"The New Normal†. Gay marriage is even the inspiration for popular songs such as â€Å"Same Love† by Macklemore Ryan Lewis. Even with same sex couples being moreRead MoreGay Marriage And Same Sex Marriage1412 Words   |  6 PagesShifting American Viewpoints towards Same-Sex Marriage in the Twenty-first Century prompting an opening of the debate with a stacking feeling of enthusiasm. In this task, I would like to be fit for refining the paramount purposes of argue between both for and against same-sex marriage and additionally the legitimate issues that are included in this subject. There are sure essential indicates that this is important, consider in the civil argument furthermore the equality for all Americans. FurthermoreRead MoreThe Rights Of Gay And Lesbian Couples1451 Words   |  6 PagesA Right to Love Most people feel that Government rights should automatically be granted to U.S. citizens. An upstanding citizen who pays their taxes, serves their community and abides by the law should be afforded the rights of an American. However, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Gay and lesbians are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbians couples are denied the right to marry even if they are upstandingRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Gay And Lesbians1447 Words   |  6 PagesMost people believe that they deserve the rights they are granted by the government. An upstanding citizen who pays their taxes, serves their community and abides by the law should be afforded the rights of an American. However, not all citizens are afforded equal rights. Gay and lesbians are consistently denied rights that are typically taken for granted by the average American. Specifically, gay and lesbians couples are denie d the right to marry even if they are upstanding citizens. TheyRead MoreReligion And The Civil Rights Movement954 Words   |  4 Pagesobtain gay and civil rights has been directly influenced by religion, either in a positive or negative way. More specifically, religion has served as a disadvantage to achieving gay rights and an advantage to those that participated in the civil rights movement. Contrary to the recent successes of the gay rights movement, there have been a lot of obstacles along the way and most of them have been due to religious beliefs and practices. Religion opposes gay rights, especially gay marriage on the basisRead MoreGay Marriage Essay1517 Words   |  7 PagesAgreeing with other people lifestyles can be difficult. For example, some people cannot agree to homosexual marriages; on the other hand, others can agree to live with homosexual marriages. As published in Procon.org, the article â€Å"Gay Marriage† enlists pros of homosexual marriages. In addition, homosexual marriages bring forth benefits to the economy, and their lives are harmless to society. Therefore, homosexual marriages should be entitled to live happy, legal lives. Rejecting certain groupsRead MoreSocial, Political, And Economic Institutions During The Civil Rights Movement1237 Words   |  5 Pagesduring the civil rights movement. In America, the civil rights movement has become one of the most well-known social movements in the world today. African Americans strived for full civil rights and better equality, and refused to quit fighting until their wishes were granted. The blacks protested the white supremacy in every way possible, from strikes to legal challenges in the court systems. The civil rights movement affected the everyday life of these citizens who should have had all of the same

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Genetic Engineering Essay Example For Students

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Genetic Engineering Essay On February 24, 1997 news broke globally that Ian Wilmut of the Roslin Institute in Scotland had successfully cloned the genetic material of an adult sheep and had created the infant Dolly. The discovery instantly caught the world’s attention because Dolly had only one parent; Dolly had been formed by transferring the genetic material of an adult female into one of its own embryos. This process, known as â€Å"somatic cell nuclear transfer†, refers to removal of genetic material from an adult cell and then implantation of that material into an embryo that has had it’s original genetic material removed. The only way to clone an existing animal uses the process of somatic cell nuclear transfer. The science used to create Dolly applies to any mammal, and â€Å"the arrival of Dolly made it clear that human beings would soon have to face the possibility of human cloning† (Nusbaum and Sunstein 11). Motivated by profit and fame, scientists around the nation have been researching how to apply somatic cell nuclear transfer technology to humans. In response to this research Congress has been trying to draft legislation that will make the genetic cloning of a human illegal. Unfortunately, because of imprecise wording based on a shallow Congressional understanding of genetics, a ban on human cloning would inadvertently ban essential medical research that utilizes essential genetic cloning technologies. The term â€Å"human cloning† refers to a great number of technologies of which only somatic cell nuclear transfer can produce a living human being. Rather than an improperly worded ban on human cloning entirely, only genetic cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer should be banned while funding for other beneficial genetic cloning techniques should be increased. The reason why Dolly had been so special has to do with the original cells that she had been cloned from. The mammary cells that had their genetic material removed are referred to as somatic cells. Somatic cells serve a specific function only, like a liver cell or a brain cell. Totipotent cells, on the other hand, have not yet become specific cells. Totipotent cells, like the cells in a fertilized embryo, give rise to somatic cells as the totipotent cells continuously divide, thereby creating the different somatic cells that formulate a fetal human being. During Dolly’s creation, Ian Wilmut and his team first removed the genetic material from a somatic cell and from a totipotent embryonic cell, and then implanted the genetic material from the somatic cell into the empty totipotent cell. â€Å"The result is a totipotent embryo with the genetic information of the adult from which the somatic cell nucleus was taken. This is known as cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer† (Larry Craig online). In its human application, somatic cells would be removed from a living human, injected into an empty embryo, and then implanted into a woman’s uterus for gestation. During the gestation period, the genetic material from the somatic cell would spawn totipotent cells in the embryo and would begin creating the totipotent cells necessary for development. The scientific magic of the process consists of the development of totipotent cells from the genetic material of the somatic cells. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), located in the nucleus of all somatic cells, contains all of the necessary information to produce an entire human being. By isolating the DNA of a somatic cell during a somatic cell nuclear transfer; the DNA of an existing human directs the development of a fetal human being from the totipotent embryonic cells. Genetic cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer creates a clone of an existing human being through the transfer of genetic material and th en implantation into a surrogate uterus. .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620 , .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620 .postImageUrl , .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620 , .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620:hover , .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620:visited , .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620:active { border:0!important; } .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620:active , .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620 .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u32d98c6132b007be7351b3eea96cf620:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: George Washington Father of a Nation EssaySomatic cell nuclear transfer cloning of a human will occur and become common in the future. Lee Silver, a biologist at Princeton University, believes that enough historical precedent exists to suggest such a trend. Citing American usage of reproductive technologies and for-profit clinics as examples, Silver suggests that the market incentive to develop and patent cloning technologies will result in the common cloning of humans in the future (Boyce online). Susan Root, the director of human genetics for the National Center for Genome Resources, also believes that â€Å"it’s going to happen† and that â€Å"society wil l have to deal with it† (Merzer online). Robert Wachbroit, a member of the Institute for Philosophy Public Policy makes an observation supporting both Silver and Root’s arguments. He believes that the technologies for both transplantation and genetic engineering are progressing and that they will become acceptable. (Online) Acting now might offer politicians the choice to prevent the cloning of a human by somatic cell nuclear transfer. In the future such an action would have greater complications because human cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer will have established itself and will have been done numerous times. Now might be the time to nip human cloning by this method in the bud. Few, if any, reasons exist that can be used to argue for the cloning of a human by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Constance Morella, chairwoman of the Congressional Subcommittee on Technology, correctly observes the existence of national and worldwide consensus that the cloning of an existing human should never occur. She cites several developed countries, such as the United Kingdom and Japan, which totally oppose cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer. Supporting such an observation, the National Bioethics Advisory Commission has concluded â€Å"that at this time, it is morally unacceptable for anyone in the public or private sector to attempt to create a child using somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning† (Senator Gordon 3). Dan Brock, director of the Center for Biomedical Ethics at Brown University, argues that human cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer â€Å"would result in a persons’ worth or value seeming diminished because we would come to see persons as ab le to be manufacture or â€Å"handmade.† This demystification of the creation of human life would reduce our appreciation and awe of human life and of its natural creation† (159). Additionally, a child’s sense of individuality and uniqueness would be substantially diminished as a result of expectations set by the life of the adult from whom he was cloned. Bibliography:

Nokia Company Innovation and Change Management

Innovation and Change According to Hage (1999), organizational innovation can be defined as the process through which an organization adopts certain behaviour or an idea which is new to the organization (p. 3).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nokia Company Innovation and Change Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Innovation in an organization can be reflected in terms of a new form of technology, new practice in administration, new service or a new product. In the current business world, most top management leaders are paying extra attention on innovation in their individual organizations. This is in an effort to come up with necessary changes in order to improve on performance of their respective organizations. On the other hand, change is the result of innovation in an organization. For instance, development of a new management practice may lead to changes in the management structure. Also, an introduct ion of a new technology may lead to an improvement on organization’s level of efficiency which may be followed by radical changes in an organization. These changes are characterized by increased efficiency and productivity in an organisation. This discussion gives an analysis of innovation and change in organizations and its importance to individual organizations. In other words, innovation is the central subject in business prosperity. Importance of Innovation to the Business; Why It Matters To Companies In every organization, the level of innovation plays a critical role in determining its performance. In the modern business world, changes and innovation level has increased significantly due to changes in the nature of the market. In the modern business world, the market is characterized by a very high level of competition. The market has become more customer oriented, the factor which has increased a need to innovate in order to meet these changes (Mariposa, 2010, par 1). For instance, the phones’ market has become very competitive in the current mobile phones market. Different companies have entered into the market with different varieties of mobile phones. Nokia Company is one of the oldest and successful companies in the mobile phone market. Due to increase in level of competition, the company has heavily invested in innovation as a strategy to remain above its competitors. Therefore, organizations are paying more attention on innovation in order to survive in such kind of markets.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the major reasons for innovations in organizations is to improve on its performance. For instance, new technologies can significantly help in improving the level of performance in different areas. For instance Nokia has improved on its products through an innovation in technology. In other words, innovation enables a n organization to survive in a competitive world. In connection to this, innovation can significantly contribute in development of competitive advantage. For instance, when a company manages to innovate on new technology, it will be able to produce more efficiently and therefore reduce on its operational costs. New technology may also help in increasing quality of the products in a company. Consequently, such kind of producer will gain competitive advantage over its competitors. The company will be able to offer higher quality products in the market at lower prices and still retain its profitability. Innovations can also delight the customer which leads to increase in the level of sales (Mariposa, 2010, par 2). For instance, Nokia Company has maintained its high level of sales through innovations. For instance, the company has been adding different features on its products through innovations. The company has managed to add features like radio, MMS and blue tooth in order to delight its customers. This has increase the level of sales. Such innovations entice consumers to buy the product. Up to date, the company stills invests more on research and development in order to retain high level of innovations. Nokia Company has managed to remain at the top of its competitors like Samsung through its innovative nature. It has developed a good reputation in the market through its high quality products. The company has also managed to provide a wide range of its products which has significantly attracted the attention of its customers. Innovations can also help an organization to shine in a market where there is high supply of similar goods. In some cases, there may be several options available to customers in the market for a certain product. In such cases, innovations can make the organisation’s goods to stand out from many other similar goods in the market (Mariposa, 2010, par 3).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Nokia Company Innovation and Change Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, there are several companies which manufacture watches. However, a watch from a certain company can stand out from the shelf among other similar watches due to innovative features applied. Nokia Company conducts an intensive research on the needs of the customers in the market and then conducts innovations with respect to consumer’s tastes. This is unlike other companies which have heavily been relying on imported technology in order to make new developments. For instance, through research, the company recognized that consumers preferred smaller phones to big ones. On realizing this, Nokia came up with new developments which led to increase in sales. The company developed a technology to reduce the size of its mobile phones. This approach in innovation has significantly contributed to the success of the company. Difference between Innovation and Change The conc epts of change and innovation overlap each other. The two concepts diverge in some point and converge on another. However, both innovation and change plays a very significant role in every organization. According to Osborne and Brown (2005), change is a broad aspect which involves growth and development of one or more elements in an organization (5). Change reflects a difference between two time periods. For instance, an organization may make developments on the management or administration. An organization may also involve the development of changes in the goods or services provided by an organization. For instance, Nokia Company has been making developments on its products which have led to changes in the company. For instance, a new product may require a change in the production process. This may require adjustments in an organisation. On the other hand, innovation can be seen as a specific form of change (Osborne and Brown 2005: 5). Innovation can be described as deliberate effo rts which are applied by an organization in order to realize improvements. Innovation Management; Methods of Managing Innovations in an Organization In order for an organization to retain a high level of innovation, it must have a clear management of innovation. As already noted, innovation is an important component of success in every organization. It provides a company with new opportunities (Mullen 2008: par 1). It also enables an organization to remain above its competitors. It is therefore important for every organization to have a clear change management process.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Mullen (2008) asserted that innovation is not just about good ideas in a business, it also include management of these new ideas as well as making adjustments on the old ideas taking the market and technology into account (par 2). In other words, the magnitude by which an organization benefits from an innovation will significantly be determined by the company’s efforts to manage these innovations. Otherwise, an organization will gain very little from new ideas and developments. In order to benefit from innovation, leaders must create an innovative environment. The modern business world is characterized by a very high level of competition. Therefore, it calls for high level of performance in all the areas in an organization. Therefore, in managing innovation, managers should ensure that every area in the company retains high level of excellence in order to retain a high level of innovation. Every component part of the business including product management, manufacturing, produ ct management, sales and service and design, and design and development should record a good performance in order to have effective innovations in a company (Mullen 2008: par 4). Co-operation is also an important element in innovation within a company. Managers must also encourage meetings, teamwork and committees in day to day activities in a company (Mullen 2008: par 8). Members representing different areas in the company must come together and co-operate in order to have effective innovations in an organization. Lack of co-operation may lead to disagreements which may threat innovation within an organization. Lack of clarity and conciseness in business processes discourages innovation. It is therefore important for every organization to have a clear and concise business processes in order to encourage innovation. Every process must be clear and easily understood in all levels. Organizational Change Organizational change is another important element in business. Changes in organiz ations are now more frequent than before. Change allows a business to move from one level to another. Change leads to improvement in the level of efficiency, profitability and the overall productivity. Therefore, change is very important factor which determines the success of an organization. Every leader in an organization has a responsibility in facilitating effective change in a company. Failure of any one of the departments can significantly affect the success of change process. There are different types of organizational change. In an organization, we can have planned or unplanned changes. Planned changes are those changes which result from day to day operations in an organization. They are not planned. On the other hand, planned changes are changes in an organization which result from efforts made by the management in an organization. We can also have slow and gradual change on one hand and radical change on the other. Weick and Quinn (1999) observed that the ability of an org anisation to defeat its competitors is significantly determined by its ability to sustain change in the company (9). Skills to manage and lead changes effectively are of great significance in organizations. Leaders should be able to convince every party in an organisation about the value gain through a specific change in order to reduce opposition to change. It is necessary to keep open mind in order to have effective change. That is, one should not assume that a change will have negative impacts on an organisation. In other words, it is advisable to be optimistic towards change. Pessimism will undermine the success of change process. Flexibility is also important in change management. An organisation should be ready to discard the old methods and embrace new ones. This can be encouraged through interactions among employees. It is also necessary to be patient has change takes time. Change Management Change plays a very important role in every organization. As already seen, change im plies growth and development in different operations in an organization. However, these changes do not just occur automatically. Managers should come up with strategies through which to manage and boost change processes in an organization. When change takes place in an organization, it is not always welcomed by all employees. Some may reject while others may welcome it. Therefore, managers should be able to foresee such reactions before implementing changes in order to be able to tackle the situation effectively. Change management is the process through which an organization attains its future goals. As an organization does this, the traditional system pulls these efforts on the opposite direction. Past studies have indicated that 90% of the change initiatives which affects the past culture in an organization fail to meet their objectives (Atkinson 2005:13). The success of an organization in realizing change depends on its ability to manage change. Atkinson (2005) observed that most big companies fail in implementing change in their organizations due to their inability to manage these changes well (16). One of the ways which managers can use in order to come up with successful changes is by developing a methodology and attitude necessary to implement changes in an organization (Atkinson 2005:17). Conclusion In conclusion, this discussion has clearly shown that innovation plays significant role in an organization. In the modern business world, the market is highly competitive. There are many competitors, the factor which has raised the need for innovation. Innovation is the major factor which helps an organization to remain ahead of its competitors. Therefore, it is necessary for every business to have clear innovation and change management in order to remain profitable. Otherwise, it will be difficult to remain in the market. Reference List Atkinson, P., 2005. Managing Resistance to Change. Institute of Management Services. Volume: 49, Issue: 1, ISSN: 03076768 Hage, J.,1999. Organizational Innovation and Organizational Change. University of Maryland. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 1999. 25:597.622. Mariposa, A., 2010. Importance of Innovation in Business. Web. Mullen, C., 2008. Innovation Management. Web. Osborne, S. Brown, K., 2005. Managing Change and Innovation In Public Service Organizations. New York: Routledge. Weick, K. Quinn, R., 1999. Organizational Change and Development. University of Michigan Business School. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 1999. 50:361.86. This essay on Nokia Company Innovation and Change Management was written and submitted by user Quinn Flynn to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Germination on plants essays

Germination on plants essays B16 FACTORS AFFECTING GERMINATION OF SEEDS To prove the factors that affect germination 1. Control: This experiment has the 4 factors that are necessary for germination. Its conditions are going to be the appropriate ones and this experiment is going to grow and develop correctly. 2. No Water: The seeds in this experiment are not going to germinate because there is no water to make them swell up and burst. 3. No light: It is possible that germination is not going to be very evident because there are other factors that are missing, but as there is water there may be more germination than the one expected. 4. No Oxygen: These seeds may begin to germinate but end this process soon because they lack oxygen which is important for respiration and energy. 5. Low Temperature: These seeds may grow because although temperature is a variable, it may be replaced for sun heat, allowing for its development. If you put some seeds in a moist place, you can see what happens when they produce new plants. This process is called germination. There are different stages in this process: first they take up water, this makes it swell and as a result the seed coat bursts open and the young root and shoot grow out. The root grows downwards and the shoot upwards. There are various conditions for the germination of a seed to take place these are: 1. Water, absorbed from the soil, is used for building up new cytoplasm in the cells, enlarging the vacuoles, therefore expanding the cells, carrying food from the cotyledons to the areas of growth and for photosynthesis when the leaves appear. Water is also the factor that stimulates the gibberellins to start their work. Without water its seeds cannot swell up and burst open, and the embryo cannot grow. 2. A supply of oxygen is needed. This enables seeds to respire so they have plenty of energy for germination. 3. A suitable temperature is required. This varies with different plants. Usually seeds...

Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 4

Globalization - Essay Example As it can be guessed from the restaurant title, it provides mostly substantial meals with a lot of meat. One more peculiar feature is that the prices in this restaurant are quite reasonable. The whole network of Beefeaters covers 141 restaurants in the country and several more in the capitals of some European countries. Each year for about 10-20 new restaurants are introduced in the UK and in the whole world. The great advantage of Beefeater is the opportunity to spend the evening in quiet surrounding, having pleasant communication at a restaurant table. Soft music follows the process of taking food and moreover clients of the restaurant have the chance to have a dance. The space in the restaurant is enough to celebrate remarkable events such as a wedding breakfast, anniversaries and so on. The restaurant interior includes both modern and classical art. The common room suggests the modern design of the interior, while the private cabins are decorated in a floral or classical style. T he specialty of the restaurant is meat cooked on grill. It is believed to be a healthy product since it contains small amount of additives, and other harmful products. On the menu there are different kinds of fish, meat and meat dishes. Beefeater represents a restaurant of the pub type. It means that people visit it not only to have a good meal but to honour the tradition of pub-visiting. Beefeater as any other business nowadays is involved in the process of globalization. â€Å"Globalisation (or globalization) describes the process by which regional economies, societies, and cultures have become integrated through a global network of political ideas through communication, transportation, and trade (Sheila, 2004 ).† It can be said for sure that Beefeater has penetrated into the globalization process. The first thing to be mentioned is that several restaurants of the brand are located in European countries. This process has been taking place for several decades. To enter a for eign market, a company has to fix in the local market and make enough profit to carry out the market research and other procedures abroad. The restaurant Beefeater uses the domestic products while they are quickly-spoiled and cannot be transported from abroad. The design and trends are taken from the American net of restaurants. The very idea of launching the network of the same restaurants in the country belongs to the USA. This network is characterized by reasonable prices, because of the pattern that is copied in every city. With every other restaurant the expenses are reduced by a small percentage, since the organizers know the best way to save money to set up a new building. The cooks can be also referred to the process of globalization since they are invited from other countries. In order to attract even more clients the company has introduced new dishes with the international flavor in the menu. The cooks prepare Indian, Mexican and French meat at Beefeater. The thing is that in order to get employed by the company one needs perfect recommendations, a talent and accuracy. All jobs at the restaurant demand the abovementioned features. The next aspect that connects Beefeaters and globalization is the personal site of the company. On the site www.beefeater.co. one can find the company’s history, menu, services it provides and the working hours. The Internet site also made it possible to leave positive or negative comments on-line. Being on the Internet widens the

School Guidance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

School Guidance - Essay Example It has laid down in clear terms what are the responsibilities expected of the school counselors with regard to various groups of people who are directly connected with the school counseling program. iv) The counselor should rely only on tested evaluation programs and interpret the results of those evaluations in such a manner that it paves the way for further development of the student smoothly and steadily. i) Should respect the rights and responsibilities of parents/guardians for their children and should try to establish, an effective, collaborative relationship with parents/guardians in order to facilitate the student’s maximum development. ii) Should keep the parents and guardians posted about the results of the evaluation programs undertaken by the counselor and get their suggestions also for further corrective and suggestive actions that may be warranted for the benefit of the student’s overall development. In addition, the ASCA has also described the school counselor’s responsibilities to the Teachers and Staff Members and the Community members. If only the school counselor adopts a really professional approach, all the stakeholders, the students, their parents, the school and the community, will benefit immensely. This puts a greater responsibility on their shoulders which they can discharge efficiently if they adhere to the professional standards chalked out by ASCA, in their National Model with the 4 principles of foundation, delivery, management and accountability. Foundation: The professional school counselor understands the school’s mission and aligns the counseling program with the former to achieve overall success in providing academic, personal/social and career development needs of the students. In accomplishing this task, the shift has to be in changing the student counseling program from being just a service-centered activity to

Influence Of Positivism Interpretivism And Realism Approaches Psychology Essay

Influence Of Positivism Interpretivism And Realism Approaches Psychology Essay All sociological research designs and methods make certain assumptions about the nature of the social world and how knowledge is generated. One of the ways that research can be evaluated and improved is to make these assumptions more explicit (Hibberd, 2005). Positivism, interpretivism and realism give different answers to the nature of scientific knowledge and whether or not it is applicable to societies. Many scholars argue that a great deal of sociological research contains elements of all three (Suppe, 1984; Bickhard, 1992; Hibberd, 2010). To a far extent these arguments have influenced the methodological division of social research. It is claimed that, the quantitative methods have their intellectual underpinning in the positivist and realist paradigms, while the qualitative methods/techniques have their intellectual underpinning in interpretativist, constructivist, and naturalist paradigms (Hanzel, 2010). However, despite these ongoing arguments between the methodological traditions of qualitative and quantitative research (Gage, 1989); combined methods represent a fast developing field of social science methodology. As all methods have specific margins and particular strengths, many discussants propose that qualitative and quantitative methods should be combined in order to compensate for their mutual weaknesses (Tashakkori Teddlie, 2003). Moreover, it is claimed that this movement scripts the beginning of a new era in social research indicated by a tendency to combine quantitative and qualitative methods pragmatically unencumbered by old debates (Johnson Turner, 2003). Therefore it is emphasized that the uses of a mixed-method design provides an important tool in overcoming the limitations of both qualitative and quantitative mono-method research. This essay deals with social theories that influence qualitative and qualitative research methods employed in social sciences as either in principle separable or even as irreconcilable methods of social sciences. It starts with a characterization of positivism, Interpretivism and realism; and links these theories to the foundation of qualitative and quantitative research methods. Then, it shows how they deal with the various aspects of the qualitative-quantitative divide. Finally, it is the intention to show how the combined methodological approach may be integrated in a coherent way to add value and assist in the design of a single research project. With an emphasis on the differences and similarities between quantitative and qualitative approaches providing the basis for exploring the methods of combining both approaches to overcome their weaknesses by providing a commentary of the complementary strengths of each tradition. Characterizing Positivism, Interpretivism and Realism approaches Few sociologists would describe themselves as a positivist, interpretivist or realist. These are terms used primarily by methodologists and social theorists to describe and evaluate the theoretical assumptions underlying different approaches to research (Bickhard, 1992; Johnson, 2006; Hibberd, 2010). There are many different views in sociology about what societies are and the best ways of obtaining knowledge of them. This part of the essay simplifies matters to some extent by characterizing three of the most influential theories of knowledge in sociology: positivism, interpretivism and realism (Bryman, 1998 and 2001; Hibberd 2010). Positivism Positivism is frequently used to stand for the epistemological assumption that empirical knowledge based on principles of objectivity, verificationism, and reproducibility is the foundation of all authentic knowledge (Bryman, 2001; Hanzel, 2010). The term positivist has been critical for some time in the human sciences because positivist tends to subscribe to a number of ideas that have no place in present-day science and philosophy (Hanzel, 2010). Positivism views that sociology can and should use the methods of the natural sciences, that do not usually mean using experiments because there are all sorts of ethical problems with doing that, but positivists do believe that sociologists should use quantitative methods and aim to identify and measure social structures. As a philosophical approach, positivism encompasses a group of notions. Table 1 below, provides main characters for positivist key ideas. It shows that positivists sum up all the items by being against metaphysics (Hackin g, 1983). Character Description emphasis upon verification Significant propositions are those whose truth or falsehood can be settled in some way. Pro-observation What we can see, feel, touch, and the like provide the best content or foundation for all the rest of our non mathematical knowledge. Discoverability Scientific knowledge is something discovered (rather than produced or constructed). Anti-cause There is no causality in nature, over and above the constancy with which events of one kind are followed by events of another kind. Downplaying explanation Explanation may help organize phenomena, but do not provide any deeper answer to Why questions except to say that the phenomena regularly occur in such and such a way. Anti-theoretical entities Positivists tend to be non-realists, not only because they restrict reality to the observable but also because they are against causes and are dubious about explanations. Table 1: Positivism characters Source: Hacking, 1983 Positivist theory argues that the methods of the natural sciences are applicable to the study of societies. In the positivist view, sociology involves the search for causal relationships between observable phenomena and theories are tested against observations (Hibberd, 2009). Researchers adopting a positivist point of view may still be interested in finding out about peoples subjective views. For example, they explore things such as attitudes and opinions through survey research (Michell, 2003). However, they see the task of sociology as explaining why people behave in the way they do, and how people really feel about things cannot be explained scientifically. Interpretivist Interpretivists do not necessarily reject the positivist account of knowledge, but they question the idea that the logic and methods of natural science can be imported into the study of societies. Max Weber was one of the main influences on the interpretivist tradition in sociology. For him, natural science and social science are two very different enterprises requiring a different logic and different methods (Bryman, 1982). At the heart of interpretivist critique of positivism is a humanist viewpoint. Some of those favouring an interpretivist view of sociology have long argued that in their search for a scientific explanation of social life, positivist have sometimes forgotten that they are studying people, and to study people you need to get out and explore how they really think and act in everyday situations. Interpretivists argue that unlike objects in nature, human beings can change their behaviour if they know they are being observed (Collins, 1984; Guba, 1987). So, interpretivists argue that if we want to understand social action, we need to look into the reasons and meanings which that action has for people (Marsh, 2002). Take the example of crime, a positivist would argue that researchers can simply measure crime using quantitative methods and identify patterns and correlations.   While, an interpretivist would argue that we need to understand what people mean by crime, how they come to catego rize certain actions as criminal and then investigate who comes to be seen as criminal in a particular society . The aim of interpretivist approaches in sociology is to understand the subjective experiences of those being studied, how they think and feel and how they act in their natural contexts (Marsh, 2002; Johnson, 2006). Therefore, although interpretivists still try to be objective and systematic in their research, the key criterion in interpretivist epistemology is validity. The favoured research design is ethnography and the main methods are ones that help researchers understand social life from the point of view of those being studied, such as unstructured observation, unstructured interviews and personal documents. Interpretivism has provided a powerful critique of many of the taken-for-granted ideas of positivism that are widely used in sociology and in other social sciences (Marsh, 2002). It has also influenced a whole field of research illuminating peoples everyday life experiences. However, interpretivists accounts are criticised by some sociologists for not providing testable hypotheses that can be evaluated. This can lead to relativism where one theory, or study, is seen as just as good as any other. Realism Realist theory, like positivism, holds that sociology can, and should, follow the logic and methods of the natural sciences, meanwhile, it differs from positivism in its interpretation of science (Hartwig, 2007; Hibberd, 2010). In positivist research, theories are tested against observations and found to be true or false or somewhere in between. In simple terms, the facts are the judge of the theory (Hibberd, 2010). Realists do not make this clear-cut separation because they do not believe that observations can be separated from theories (Parker, 2003; Hartwig, 2007). They argue that no form of science relies exclusively on observable empirical evidence. There are always aspects of any form of reality that remain hidden beneath the surface of what can be observed (Duran, 2005; Hibberd, 2010). According to realists, the aim of scientific work is to uncover the underlying causal mechanisms that bring about observable regularities. Realists see research being guided primarily by scientific criteria, such as the systematic collection of evidence, reliability and transparency. However, because they recognise the importance of the subjective dimension of human action, they also include methods that document the validity of peoples experiences (Bhaskar, 1999). Research designs are more likely to be experimental or comparative in realist research, but there is no particular commitment to either quantitative or qualitative methods (Parker, 2003; Hartwig 2007).The focus of realist methodology, however, is on theory. Realists argue that as there is no such thing as theory-free data: sociological methods should be specifically focused on the evaluation and comparison of theoretical concepts, explanations and policies. The development of a clear, realist epistemology is comparatively recent in sociology and owes much to new realist writers like Bhaskar (1986, 1999) and Pawson (1989). They have provided a different interpretation of science and its relationship to social sciences, and a developing alternative to the dominant theories of positivism and Interpretivism that laid the foundations for a non-empiricist epistemology in social science (Hibberd, 2009 and 2010). However, they would say that this doesnt mean that either set of methods, positivist or interpretive, have to be ditched. The realists argument is that sociologists can be pragmatic and use whatever methods are appropriate for particular circumstances. Social reality is complex and to study it, sociologists can draw on both positivist and interpretivist methods. However, realism is also criticised for exaggerating the dependence of science and social science on theory, and realist epistemology offers, at best, very limited truths about the social world. Many studies in sociology use a combination of positivist, interpretivist and, more recently, realist ideas, just as they use different research methods. The three theories are very general descriptive terms and there are many different theoretical approaches within the general framework of each one. Table 2 shows different research methods associated with each theory. Theory Research design Research methods Positivism Social surveys Structural interviews Experimental Structural observations Comparative Official statistics Interpretivism Ethnography Participant observation Unstructured interviews Personal documents Realism Experimental Non-specific, but methods are theory-focused Comparative Table 2: Theory, Design and methods Source: Bryman, 2001 Conflict of Quantitative and Qualitative Research Paradigms The quantitative methods have their rational foundation in the positivist and realist paradigms, while the qualitative methods have their rational foundation in interpretativist, constructivist, and naturalist paradigms. The opposition between these paradigms was succinctly characterized by Guba as follows: The one precludes the other just as surely as belief in a round world precludes believing in a flat one (Guba 1987, 31). The opposition between these paradigms is then expressed as shown below in table 3 (Lincoln and Guba 1985). Axioms About Positivist Paradigm Naturalist Paradigm The nature of reality Reality is single, tangible, and fragmentable. Realities are multiple, constructed, and holistic. The relationship of the knower to the known Knower and known are independent, a dualism. Knower and known are interactive, inseparable. The possibility of generalization Time- and context-free generalizations (nomothetic statements) are possible. Only time- and context-bound working hypotheses (idiographic statements) are possible. The possibility of causal linkages There are real causes, temporally precedent or simultaneous with their effects. All entities are in a state of mutual simultaneous shaping, so that it is impossible to distinguish causes from effects. The role of values Inquiry is value-free. Inquiry is value-bound. Table 3: Contrasting of Positivists and Naturalists Paradigms, Source: Amended from (Hanzel, 2010; Lincoln and Guba 1985) Consequently, it is commonly claimed that quantitative research is based on positivistic assumptions, whereas the qualitative approach is grounded on anti-positivistic positions (Lincoln Guba, 1985; Lund, 2005). Several researchers and academics (Creswell, 1995; Gall Borg, 1996; Ryan Bernard, 2000) have given additional explanations to both methods; they are asserting that quantitative research refers to the systematic empirical investigation of quantitative properties and phenomena and their relationships within the social sciences. Thus, the objective of quantitative research is to develop and employ mathematical models, theories and hypotheses pertaining to social phenomena. The process of numerical measurement is central to quantitative research because it provides the fundamental connection between empirical observation and mathematical expression of quantitative relationships. Qualitative research is distinctive by nature in aiming to collect detailed accounts investigating into the understanding of human behaviour. The qualitative researcher assumes that flexibility in human behaviour is socially constructed, as so, seeks to reason and analyses factors that govern such behaviour; in doing so the qualitative method investigates the why and how of decision making, not just the quantifiable what, where or when occurrences. Similarly, Jana Plichtovà ¡ (2002) claims that the differences between the quantitative and qualitative research methods are based on a paradigmatically different understanding of the subject matter of and the sense of cognition in the social sciences, that is: The quantitative approach starts from the premise that we can arrive at trustworthy knowledge only if the human being is reduced to a set of measurable variables between which we can presuppose the relations of causation. It sees the sense of cognition in prediction and control of human behaviour. While, the qualitative approach does not agree with that reduction because it degrades the human being to a reacting mechanism, It proposes such research strategies which respect the fact that the human being is an acting being pursuing certain intentions, creating and understanding meanings, and that it is a socio-cultural being whose adaptation has a mediated and social charac ­ter (Plichtovà ¡, 2002). Moreover, Gall et al. (1996, cited Lund, 2005) presents key differences between quantitative and qualitative research approaches. Part of the difference refers to what researchers assume, the other part focuses on the truth of these assumptions, irrespectively of whether or not they are adopted by researchers. Onwuegbuzie and Leech (2005) have other classifications to the differences between both methods; they argue that the quantitative-qualitative paradigm conflict has resulted in the evolution of three major schools of thought, namely: purists, situationalists and pragmatists. The difference between these three perceptions relates to the extent to which each believes that quantitative and qualitative approaches can co-exist and be combined (Bryman, 1984). These three camps can be understood as purists and pragmatists exist on opposite ends, while situationalists are somewhere in the middle. The following account focuses on Onwuegbuzie and Leech (2005) perspective. For purists, the assumptions associated with quantitative and qualitative paradigms regarding how the world is viewed and what it is important to know are irreconcilable. They envisage that both methods stem from different metaphysical and epistemological assumptions about the nature of research (Bryman, 1984; Collins, 1984; Tashakkori Teddlie, 1998). Purists advocate that the methods and tenets from positivism and post-positivism cannot and should not be mixed (Smith, 1983). They believe that the axioms of post-positivism and positivism have mutually exclusive assumptions about society; therefore, the research methods derived under each are considered to be mutually exclusive as well In agreement with purists and acceptance of both positivist and post positivist paradigms, situationalists maintain that qualitative and quantitative methods are complementary but should not be integrated in a single study. However, they believe that definite research questions relate more to quantitative approaches, whereas other research questions are more suitable for qualitative methods (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005). Thus, although representing very different directions, the two approaches are treated as being complementary. By contrast, pragmatists, unlike purists and situationalists, contend that a false separation exists between quantitative and qualitative approaches (Newman Benz, 1998). They advocate the integration of methods within a single study. Sieber (1973) articulated that because both approaches have intrinsic strengths and weaknesses, researchers should utilize the strengths of both techniques in order to understand better social phenomena. Indeed, pragmatists assign to the philosophy that the research question should drive the methods used (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005). In any case, researchers who ascribe to epistemological purity disregard the fact that research methodologies are merely tools that are designed to aid our understanding of the world. Table 4 presents a summary of the qualitative-quantitative divide, understood as a clash of paradigms, each characterized by the characteristics shown in the table (Reichardt and Cook 1979). Here the divide is approached by means of a possible link between the respective method and the attributes of a paradigm. Another characterization of the nature of the qualitative-quantitative divide is presented by A. Bryman, as shown in table 5 (Bryman 1988, 94). Qualitative Paradigm Quantitative Paradigm Advocates the use of qualitative methods Advocates the use of quantitative methods Phenomenology concerned with understanding human behavior from the actors own frame of reference Logical-positivism; seeks the facts or causes of social phenomena with little regard for the subjective states of individuals Naturalistic and uncontrolled observation Obtrusive and controlled measurement Subjective Objective Grounded, discovery-oriented, exploratory, expansionist, descriptive, and inductive Ungrounded, verification-oriented, confirmatory, reductionist, inferential, and hypothetico-deductive Process-oriented Outcome-oriented Valid; real, rich, and deep data Reliable; hard and replicable data Ungeneralizable; single case studies Generalizable; multiple case studies Holistic Particularistic Assumes a dynamic reality Assumes a stable reality Table 4: Reichardt and Cook on Attributes of the Qualitative and Quantitative Paradigms Source: Amended from (Hanzel,2010) Based on such characterizations of the differences between qualitative and quantitative research, the issue of the qualitative-quantitative divide in social sciences could be approached from two points of view. The first, mod ­erate, according to which one deals only with two different sets of techniques that can be, if required, mutually combined; and the second, radical, accord ­ing to which the divide and the respective techniques/methods are rooted in paradigmatically opposed epistemologies and, thus, the respective methods/techniques cannot be combined.   Aspect Quantitative Research Qualitative Research Role of qualitative research Preparatory Means to exploration of actors interpretations Relationship between researcher and subject Distant Close Researchers stance in relation to subject Outsider Insider Relationship between theory/concept and research Confirmation Emergent Research strategy Structured Unstructured Scope of findings Nomothetic Ideographic Image of social reality Static and external to actor Processual and socially constructed by actor Nature of data Hard, reliable Rich, deep Table 5: Bryman on Differences between Quantitative and Qualitative Research Source: Amended from (Hanzel,2010) Similarities between Quantitative and Qualitative Research Approaches It is possible to argue that there are overwhelmingly more similarities between quantitative and qualitative approaches than there are differences (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005). Bothe and Andreatta (2004), add that both approaches involve the use of observations to address research questions, describe their data, construct descriptive arguments from their data, and speculate about why the results they observed happened as they did. Both sets of researchers select and use analytical techniques that are designed to obtain the maximal meaning from their data, and so that findings have utility in relation to their respective views of reality (Kelle, 2006). Both methods investigators utilize techniques to verify their data. Such techniques include persistent observation with continuous and prolonged investigation of the research study with consideration to rival explanations. Replication of the chosen study method to other cases (of which may include extreme scenarios) provides the opportunity to gain validity of findings and the methodological approach used, by means of a representative study group to allow for reliable generalisations to be made. Triangulation, verification of researcher effects and weighting of the evidence identifies and resolves researcher bias and thick description (Creswell, 1998, cited Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005) which may impact on the findings. Debriefing of study participants may obtain valuable feedback from participants also. Moreover, quantitative and qualitative researches represent an interactive range and the role of theory is central for both paradigms. Specifically, in qualitative research the most common purposes are those of theory initiation and theory building, whereas in quantitative research the most typical objectives are those of theory testing and theory modification (Newman Benz, 1998). Clearly, neither tradition is independent of the other, nor can either school encompass the whole research process. Thus, both quantitative and qualitative research techniques are needed to gain a more complete understanding of phenomena (Newman Benz, 1998). Hence, there are many parallels exist between quantitative and qualitative research. Indeed, the purity of a research paradigm is a function of the extent to which the researcher is prepared to conform to its underlying assumptions (Luttrell, Wendy, 2005).This suggests that methodological pluralism (Larsson, 2009) should be promoted, the best way for this to occur is for as many investigators as possible to become pragmatic researchers (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005). Combined research methods and function in the research process A combination of qualitative and quantitative research approaches can assist in practical solutions to overcome limitations of mono-method research discussed for the last 50 years (Kelle, 2006). However, it is rarely addressed in current debates whether it is possible to develop solid methodological strategies for structuring research methods based on that insight of combining qualitative and quantitative methods (Creswell et al., 2003; Tashakkori Teddlie, 2003; Onwuegbuzie Leech, 2005), though there is a broad agreement that a use of multiple methods with complementary strengths and different weaknesses can add value to a single research. Despite this, the discussion provides only sparse information about which designs could overcome which weaknesses of mono-method research. Furthermore, there is still a lack of agreement about the exact classification and terminology of different mixed methods, combined method or multi-method designs which are used in research practice (Tashakkor i Teddlie, 2003, cited Onwuegbuzie Leech, 2005, p:307 ). By starting the research process with a qualitative study, researchers may obtain access to knowledge that helps them to develop the appropriate theoretical concepts and to construct consistent research instruments later on that cover relevant phenomena by consequential and relevant items. Such a design helps to overcome the limited transferability of findings from qualitative research as well as the initially mentioned hazards of the heuristics of commonsense knowledge (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005, p: 307). This approach can help to construct consistent research instruments that cover relevant phenomena by consequential and relevant substances. Meanwhile, combining qualitative and quantitative methods the opposite way could be useful in many cases; that means starting with a quantitative study, followed by qualitative questions (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005; Lund 2005). In this quantitative-qualitative approach, problem areas and research questions are identified by carrying out a quantitative study which will have to be further investigated with the help of qualitative data and methods. The problem of quantitative research addressed by this design is often the difficulty to understand statistical findings without additional socio cultural knowledge. Furthermore, the quantitative part of a sequential quantitative-qualitative design can guide systematic case comparison in the following qualitative inquiry by helping to identify criteria for the selection of cases and by providing a sampling frame (Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005; Kelle, 2006). Thus, this design can help to overcome an important threat of validity existing in qualitative research that researchers focus on distant and marginal cases. Another problem of qualitative research can be addressed by this design: it helps to avoid a qualitative study with an outsized scope that covers a domain too wide to be captured with the help of a small qualitative sample. Onwuegbuzie and Leech (2005) give a simple example to understand the above problem: a qualitative study of family life in a contemporary city would have to take into account many more different forms of families than a similar study in a traditional rural community in the first decades of the twentieth century. By drawin g on statistical material about the distribution of different family forms, the minimum requirements for qualitative sampling could be easily captured, and may be well advised to downsize the research question and research domain (Bryman, 2001; Onwuegbuzie and Leech, 2005). On the other hand, a parallel qualitative-quantitative design can fulfil similar functions to a sequential design: the qualitative part of the study can provide information that helps to understand statistical relations, to develop explanations and to identify additional variables that increase variance already explained in the quantitative data. A great benefit of a parallel qualitative-quantitative design is that it helps to identify measurement problems and methodological artefact of both qualitative and quantitative data, as the same persons are interviewed with different techniques (Bryman, 1992 and 2001). However, this parallel design approach encloses an important disadvantage, it is that qualitative sampling and data collection cannot be systematically developed from research questions derived from quantitative data; therefore it can easily be the case that the available qualitative data provide no answers for questions coming from the quantitative study, as they were not col lected for that purpose. Conclusion It is shown throughout this essay that the theoretical approach influences the methodological approach and vice versa. Many studies in sociology use a combination of positivist, interpretivist and, realist ideas. The essay demonstrates that the influence of positivism has inspired much of social research most prevalent research methods. Some of these include surveys, questionnaires and statistical models. Researchers applying a positivist methodology for their study consider large-scale sample surveys and controlled laboratory experiments as suitable research methods. These methods can be justified as they allow positivist researchers to employ empirical and logical quantitative data. While, interpretivism employs qualitative methods to understand people, not to measure them, it attempts to capture reality in interaction, however, does not necessarily exclude quantitative methods. Whereas, quantitative results from a positivist method like a survey are unlikely to provide understandi ng of this deeper reality and therefore should not be a major part of any realism research project, basically, because realism research data are almost always qualitative data about meanings. The essay provides several benefits of performing mixed method research. Researchers of social science use a wide variety of research methods to gain and enhance knowledge and theory. The different types of research methodologies, quantitative and qualitative, are associated with the epistemological and theoretical perspectives the researcher wishes to adopt. The essay demonstrated that quantitative and qualitative methods can fulfil different, yet, complementary purposes within mixed-method designs. Quantitative methods can give an overview ab

F. Scott Fitzgeralds The Great Gatsby :: essays research papers

The Great Gatsby F. Scott Fitzgerald   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Great Gatsby is a symbolic novel of the disintegration of the American dream in an era of extraordinary prosperity and material excess. On the surface, we see that it is a story about the love between a man and a woman but the overall theme is the collapse of the American dream in society. We find that every character in their own way is searching for their American dream but as a result, their desire for wealth and pleasure, caused them to find themselves lost in the corruption of the aristocrat society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Daisy is one of the characters that is trying to search for her American dream but the readers don’t really notice this because it seems that Daisy has everything already – wealth, a husband, love and family. It is everything she could possibly want but as we get to know Daisy, the reader sees that there is something else Daisy desires besides wealth and luxurious material. â€Å"I’m glad it’s a girl. And I hope she’ll be a fool – that’s the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool.† - Pg 21. Daisy’s America dream is to be this â€Å"beautiful little fool† she envisions. Daisy is beautiful and it is told through the characters that she is charming and beautiful but they could see right through her. They knew what she wanted in life and the fact that she was void of any loyalty or care. Daisy sought after this image of being this â€Å"beautiful little fool† so that she could hide her selfish ways and put on this fake faà §ade so the other characters would see she is innocent.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the novel, Daisy acts snooty and stuck-up around the other characters as if she is better then them. She also acts very child-like when she cries over â€Å"beautiful shirts.† â€Å"They’re such beautiful shirts,† she sobbed, her voice muffled in the thick folds. â€Å"It makes me sad because I’ve never seen such – such beautiful shirts before.† – Pg 98. From this it shows that she only cares about luxurious material. Through her actions, we see that Daisy is not this girl that we should sympathize or look up to as â€Å"great† compared to Gatsby. â€Å"Even if we are cousins. You didn’t come to my wedding. I wasn’t back from the war. That’s true. She hesitated. Well, I’ve had a very bad time, Nick, and I’m pretty cynical about everything.

Production vs Operation Management Essay

Production management and operations management are management jargon that needs to be simplified for those who are sitting on the fence or those inside an organization unable to comprehend them clearly. Sometimes it becomes confusing to be talking about production management inside operations management but they are separate and distinct entities in the study of management as ultimately, production is a part of the whole cycle of operations. Read on to clarify the doubts. Operations Management The study of set of activities comprising supervision, planning and designing of business operations in the field of manufacturing of goods and services is termed as operations management. The purpose of operations management is to make certain that the operations of a business are efficient and effective and result in minimum of wastage. Operations management tries to cut down resources involved in operations while at the same time making operations more effective and productive. In fact operations management is more concerned on processes than people or products. Operations management in a nutshell is using physical resources in an optimum manner, converting input into output, so as to supply to the market the desired and finished product. Production Management Production management on the other hand focuses specifically on the production of goods and services and is concentrated upon churning output from input. It is a broad sum of activities that go into turning raw material into final, finished product. One may feel that production management is a subset of operations management, but production management in itself is a broad subject that comprises production planning and control, inventory management, and operations control. Production management includes all management activities spanning selection. Designing, operating, controlling and updating production system. In brief: Operations vs Production Management †¢ Both production management and operations management play an important role in an organization in increasing the efficiency and productivity. †¢ While operations management is focused upon administration, planning and execution of operations involved in production of goods and services and trying to minimize the resources at the same time increasing output, production management is more concerned with input/output and churning out products in the shape of desired finished product.