Merge of American Airlines and Us Airways Essay Example for Free

Merge of American Airlines and Us Airways EssayThe buzz in the airline business intentness in February 2013 was all about the potential merger between American Airlines and US Airways since that would make the merged company the number one airline in the industry globally. Despite the some cynical comments veteran investors hold for investing in the airline industry, which will be mentioned below, as well as the unforeseen lawsuit being thrown at their way, it is an investment that is strongly suggests a profitable investment in the long run. First of all, the potential profitability of the merger could be foreseen by reviewing past cases of airlines mergers such as the merge between United Airlines and Continental Airlines as well as Delta Airlines and northwesterly Airlines. Delta Airlines and Northwest Airlines merged in 2008 and United Airlines announced their merger with Continental Airlines 2 years later in 2010. Delta was not profitable right off the palpitate after their merger but took them a few years to turn things around balancing with the economical situation and oil prices. Most pros consider the industry untouchable because the airlines prolong historically operated irrationally and have always been at the mercy of oil prices, unions and new competition(Feinberg, 2013) but then again Feinberg says that United, Delta as well as US Airways have been making money for the past three years and may achieve record profits in 2013 (Feinberg, 2013). brandmark merger of United Airlines and Continental Airlines, the parent company of United Airlines, one of the worlds largest carriers, reported a $448 million quarterly net loss, pressured by high evoke costs and expenses related to problems integrating some operations of United in its merger with Continental Airlines(2012). But the problems appear to be largely over. So farthest this year, United shares are up 22%, the SP 500 Index is up 14.5% and Delta shares are up 66%. No doubt, Smisek seeks room to grow (Reed, 2013). United is besides looking to enhance their services for corporate customers by revamping its aircraft that fly from JFK to Los Angeles and San Francisco, adding flat bed seating and faster, complimentary Wi-Fi to its premium sections. American is adding state-of-the-art Boeing 777-300ER aircraft to its fleet, the largest new aircraft apply by a U.S. carrier since1990. Its premium cabin has a walk-up bar stocked with snacksa first for any U. S. airline, the company boasts (Fickenscher, 2013). Another crucial factor that indicates sustainable growth are the soft skills A new American Airlines combining US Airways is fortunate to have US Airways CEO Doug Parker at the helm, because he appears to understand not just the nuts and bolts of merging logistics systems but also the human process of ego suppression. This would be the second time his smaller airline has merged with (taken over, some would say) a larger one, and the second time he has let go of the identity of the enterprise he built (HBS Working experience at Forbes, 2013). Creating an executive management team that is functioning well as a strong team is crucial to an MA situation. They also need to have a clear vision of the company in order to overcome all the minor speed bumps they will inevitably go through with the merger. Currently, American Airlines and US Airways are facing on going lawsuits against the US Justice department. Depending on the outcome of this lawsuit, American Airlines will either move on with their cowcatcher merger plan or if blocked, then they would have to reorganize a new plan while operating in bankruptcy.ReferencesFeinberg, Andrew. 2013. News Flash Airlines Soar. Kiplingers person-to-person Finance 67, no. 7 38. profession Source Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2013).2012. United Continentals Loss Widens, but Less Than Expected. New York Times, April 27. 4.Regional Business News, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15, 2013).Reed, T ed. 2013. No ask Uniteds CEO Is Buying United Stock. Forbes,com, September 1. Accessed September 15, 2013. http//www.forbes.com/sites/tedreed/2013/09/01/no-wonder-uniteds-ceo-is-buying-united-stock/.Fickenscher, Lisa. 2013. Mergers put biz travelers in first class. Crains New York Business 29, no. 27 3. Regional Business News, EBSCOhost (accessedSeptember 15, 2013).2013. Big Deal Reflections on the American and US Airways Megamerger. Forbes.com 10. February 19. Business Source Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed September 15,2013).

White People and American Citizen Essay Example for Free

White People and American Citizen EssayThe short story How it Feels to be Colored Me was write in form 1928 by Zora Neale Hurston who grew up in Eatonville, Florida. Zora grew up in an predominantly all black town. She had begun to realize the differences amongst blacks and sportys at the beginning of her teens. Zora only had contact with the color plurality who passed through her town. These people who passed through Eatonville, Florida normally were going to Orlando or coming from Orlando, Florida. I believe the main reason why the story was written was to focus on the differences between black and white people. The short story How it Feels to be Colored Me was written in year 1928 by Zora Neale Hurston who grew up in Eatonville, Florida. Zora grew up in an predominantly all black town. She had begun to realize the differences between blacks and whites at the beginning of her teens. Zora only had contact with the white people who passed through her town. These people wh o passed through Eatonville, Florida usually were going to Orlando or coming from Orlando, Florida. I believe the main reason why the story was written was to focus on the differences between black and white people.When Zora Hurston states I have no separate feeling about organism an American citizen and colored. I am merely a dismantle of the Great consciousness that surges within the boundaries. My country, right or wrong. I believe shes describing her feelings of being an American citizen and being colored. She does not have separate feelings of either. Zora seems to hope her identity for being colored and an American citizen. I think Zora is trying to achieve dignity/pride in America as an American. Zora doesnt trust to harp on the past Nor does she want the actions of others to affect her.Zora believes that she is an American citizen whether shes black or white and everyone has the same rights. How It Feels to Be Colored Me Analysis by Terissa7. N. p. , n. d. Web. 15 Jun e 2014. . How it Feels to Be Colored The short story How it Feels to be Colored Me was written in year 1928 by Zora Neale Hurston who grew up in Eatonville, Florida. Zora grew up in an predominantly all black town. She had begun to realize the differences between blacks and whites at the beginning of her teens.Zora only had contact with the white people who passed through her town. These people who passed through Eatonville, Florida usually were going to Orlando or coming from Orlando, Florida. I believe the main reason why the story was written was to focus on the differences between black and white people. When Zora Hurston states I have no separate feeling about being an American citizen and colored. I am merely a fragment of the Great Soul that surges within the boundaries. My country, right or wrong. I believe shes describing her feelings of being an American citizen and being colored. She does not have separate feelings of either. Zora seems to accept her identity for being colored and an American citizen. I think Zora is trying to achieve dignity/pride in America as an American. Zora doesnt want to harp on the past Nor does she want the actions of others to affect her. Zora believes that she is an American citizen whether shes black or white and everyone has the same rights. How It Feels to Be Colored Me Analysis by Terissa7.

The Impressions Of Pride And Prejudice

The Impressions Of superciliousness And PrejudiceElizabeth white avenss pride and prejudice gives her inaccurate prototypical impressions of Fitzwilliam Darcy. In the reference, Elizabeth judges Darcy as the proudest, most disagreeable man in the world (Austen 8). This de nones the beginning of Elizabeths prejudice against Darcy, which further increases after he insults Elizabeth by calling her tolerable, barely not cock-a-hoop enough to tempt me (Austen 9).Although this is insufficient basis for her prejudice against Darcy, when she hears the awful stories nigh Darcy from Wickham, she is given more reasons to develop her prejudice against Darcy and even deepens her dislike of Darcy to the point that she views Darcy as having such malicious revenge, such injustice, such inhumanity (Austen 71).Elizabeths prejudice of Darcy is also further fuelled when Colonel Fitzwilliam implies that Darcy has intentionally broken up the relationship of Mr Bingley and Jane, Elizabeths eldest sis ter Darcy does not want Mr Bingley to suffer the inconveniences of a most imprudent marriage (Austen 165). Since Elizabeth is a proud person and she dislikes being wrong in her judgements, she n ever so expresses her views of Fitzwilliam Darcy.However, Elizabeth is wrong on two counts. Firstly, Wickham tells Elizabeth a fictional story about Darcy. She discovers that after Darcy writes a letter to Elizabeth after his failed first marriage proposal to Elizabeth, explaining the reasons and truths behind his own actions regarding his familiarity with Wickham. Elizabeth feels ashamed, feeling that she had been blind, partial, prejudiced, and absurd (Austen 185). Secondly, Darcy misjudges Elizabeths sister to be inunlike to Mr. Bingley and he fears for Mr. Bingleys happiness but Elizabeth corrects Darcy about her sisters feelings toward Mr. Bingley. Elizabeth finds this out in Darcys letter to her. Elizabeth has shown pride in herself, guarding her judgements and impressions of people, that she is blind by her own prejudice.Fitzwilliam Darcy is not the only person of whom Elizabeth Bennet has the wrong first impression she also has the inaccurate first impression of Wickham. In the beginning of the story, he is introduced as a handsome soldierHis appearance was greatly in his favour he had all the best part of beauty, a alright countenance, a good figure, and very pleasing address. The introduction was followed up on his side by a happy cooking of conversation a readiness at the selfsame(prenominal) time perfectly correct and unassuming (Austen 64).Wickham appears to be the complete opposite of Darcy. Elizabeth responds well to that kind of character, because she is already prejudiced against Darcy, a different kind of character also, Wickham does not conk out her pride. Wickham appears to be a friendly person, and Elizabeth immediately befriends him. When Wickham tells her his story about his acquaintance with Darcy, Elizabeth honoured him for such feelings, and thought him handsomer than ever as he expressed them (Austen 71). This increases the effects of her pride and prejudice against Darcy. Wickham manipulates Elizabeths pride and prejudice in a way that makes him seem an honourable person in analogy to Darcy.However, Elizabeth is also wrong about Wickham, because Darcy writes her a letter explaining his past acquaintance with Wickham and the reasons behind the end of their friendship. Elizabeth is astonished when she reads a passage in Darcys letterMr Wickhams drumhead object was unquestionably my sisters fortune, which is thirty thousand pounds but I cannot help supposing that the hope of revenging himself on me, was a strong inducement. His revenge would have been complete indeed (Austen 180).Elizabeth is thrown into an emotional confusion as she tries to examine Darcy by his letter and his behaviours. She confirms at the end that Wickham has instilled a sense of falsehood concerning Wickhams acquaintance with Darcy. Elizabe th changes her mind about Wickham and views him differently after reading the letter from Darcy. Elizabeths pride and prejudice influences her to think good of Wickham in the first place because he is the polar opposite of Darcy.In addition, Elizabeth Bennet is not the only character with pride and prejudice. Fitzwilliam Darcy is another example of a person proud and prejudiced. Fitzwilliam Darcy is described asDarcy was clever. He was at the same time haughty, reserved, and fastidious, and his manners, though well bred, were not inviting. In that respect, his friend had greatly the advantage. Bingley was sure of being liked wherever he appeared, Darcy was continually giving umbrage (Austen 13).The quote describes how the people in Hertfordshire, including Elizabeth, views Darcy. He acts in this manner because he is a proud and wealthy person. Charlotte Lucas explains the reason for Darcys actions His pride, said Miss Lucas, does not offend me so much as pride often does, because t here is an excuse for it. One cannot wonder that so very fine a young man, with family, fortune, everything in his favour, should think highly of himself. If I may so express it, he has a right to be proud (Austen 16). Darcy is proud because he has everything he could ever ask for, such as social connections, fortune, social status, and friends. He views Elizabeth as an inferior because of her family, her connections, and her wealth. Because of Darcys pride, he becomes prejudiced towards Elizabeth.Despite his prejudice against Elizabeth, he begins to love her. Darcy really believed, that were it not for the inferiority of her connections, he should be in some danger (Austen 45). Darcy is sure that Elizabeth will have bewitched him if she has social connections and wealth, but Darcy does not realize that he has already begun to love her. His love is blinded by his own pride and prejudice. As the story progresses, Darcy finds it hard to resist Elizabeths charm to the point that Darcy proposes to her. However, this is an emphasis on Elizabeths inferiority in Darcys viewsHe spoke well, but there were feelings beside those of heart to be detailed, and he was not more eloquent on the issuance of tenderness than of pride. His sense of her inferiority of its being a degradation of a family obstacles which judgements had always opposed to inclination, were dwelt with a warmth which seemed due to the consequence he was wounding, but was very unlikely to recommend his suit (Austen 168).Darcy proposes marriage to Elizabeth, reminding her about her familial and social connections. This shows that Darcy is conscious of Elizabeths social and financial status. Darcy is concerned about himself however, he is partially willing to throw away his pride for his love of Elizabeth.Nevertheless, Elizabeth does not accept Darcys proposal and explains her reasons. Darcy is forced to re-examine himself and recognize his wrongful actions. When he realizes that he is also proud and p rejudiced, he experiences a massive character transformation. After his self-examination, Darcy appears a different man and less prejudiced. He helps Elizabeths family by bringing Bingley and Jane back together, and conclusion Lydia and Wickham. He makes sure Wickham will marry Lydia even though the situation does not directly affect him, because4 he knows that will make Elizabeth happy and relieved. Elizabeth plays an of the essence(predicate) role in Darcys life because of Elizabeth, Darcy is able to overcome his pride and prejudice.On the contrary, Elizabeths first impression of Mr. Collins is correct, although Mr. Collins is an easy person to decipher. Mr. Collins is a predictable character, a nervous person, and one who obviously admires his patroness, Lady Catherine de Bourgh. Mr. Collins has stayed as a guest at Elizabeths family home to solve the disagreements between Mr. Bennet and Mr. Collins father. Since he is not a complex character as Darcy and Wickham are, Elizabeth can figure him outIt now first struck her, that she was selected from among her sisters as notable of being the mistress of Hunsford Parsonage, and of assisting to firm a quadrille table at Rosings, in the absence of more eligible visitors. The idea soon reached to conviction, as she observed his increase civilities toward herself and heard his frequent attempt at a compliment on her wit and vivacity and though more astonished that gratified herself, by this effects of her charms, it was not long before her mother gave her to understand that probability of their marriage was exceedingly agreeable to her (Austen 78 79).Elizabeth Bennets mother hints at Mr. Collins real purpose for visit the Bennets. This information from her mother influences Elizabeth in a way that she develops her first impression of Mr. Collins before he even comes to visit. Therefore, Elizabeths first impression of Mr. Collins is untrue, she does not develop her opinion of him on her own as she has with her op inions of Darcy and Wickham.In conclusion, first impressions of people are influenced by a persons pride and prejudice. Elizabeth Bennets pride and prejudice influences her first impressions of Fitzwilliam Darcy and Wickham, and her first impressions are wrong the same can be said for Fitzwilliam Darcy. Therefore, the characteristic traits of pride and prejudice are the central role in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice.

Theory of the Prism Spectrometer Experiment

Theory of the Prism Spectrometer ExperimentIntroductionWhen a beam of electric firing is transmitted from air to glass, the ray is bent according to Snells lawsin0air= nsin0glassWhere the locomotes ar quantifyd from the surface normal (the line perp give the sackicular to the surface) and n is the index of warp of the glass. The index of digression is a dimension-less number and is a stair of how strongly the medium bends light. The greater n is, the more the light is bent. The index of refraction of air is 1. For glass, n varies from 1.3 to 1.8, depending on the type of glass and on the wavelength of the light.White light is made up of all the colours of the rainbow red, yellow, green, blue, and violet. Different colors checker to different wavelengths. Human eyes are sensitive to light with wavelengths in the range 390 nm (violet) to 750 nm (red) (1 nm = nanometer = 10-9 m).Range of human visual senseGlass has a greater index of refraction at shorter wavelengths, that is, it bends blue light more than red light. So a prism kindle be used to disperse white light into its component colors.Blue red wavelengthIn this experiment, we give use a prism spectrometer to prise the dispersion list of various wavelengths. From the measurements, we willing discombobulate a graph of the index of refraction vs. wavelength. The form of the curve of index of refraction as a function of wavelength, k serious offn as the Cauchy formula, isn = A + B/l2 Or n = A + (b/l)2As a light source, we will use a mercury lamp, which emits light at several discrete wavelengths. The device we are apply is called a prism spectrometer because, once the prism is calibrated, it suffer be used to measure the wavelengths of the lines in the spectra produced by various atoms. The spectra contain bright lines at particular wavelengths, which correspond to light emitted during the transition between different capacity states of the atoms. You see distinct lines because the atoms exist only in distinct, quantized energy states. Trying to explain the data from such experiments the existence and pattern of sharp unearthly linesled to the development of quantum mechanics.When a ray of light is refracted by a prism, the angle between the incoming and approaching rays is called the angle of deviation (b). For a accustomed prism and a given wavelength, the value of b depends on the angle between the incoming ray and the surface of the prism. b is minimum when the angles of the incoming and breakgoing rays make equal angles with the prism surfaces. In this special symmetric case, the prisms index of refraction (n) is related to b and the apex angle of the prismN= The prisms that we will use all have a = 60 (exactly, we assume).There exist extensive t adequates of the line spectra of many elements. In the first part of the experiment, you will be using the known spectrum of mercury to calibrate your prism spectrometer. As a result, you have measured the curve o f index of refraction as a function of wavelength. So if you measure a new line of a spectrum, you can calculate the index of refraction and use your curve to look up the wavelength for the new line. This swear out is used in identifying the elements present in unknown samples, such as the atmospheres of distant stars. The element helium, now used to inflate birthday balloons, was first spy by observing the atmosphere of a nearby the star, the sun (helios is Greek for sun). In the last part of the experiment you will have the opportunity to measure the spectrum of a gas in this fashion.The fine prism spectrometers used in this lab were purchased in 1970 for $700 each. Today inferior models are available for $1700. Handle them with watch over Never force any partsOBJECTIVESLearn the theory of the prism spectrometer, and be able to explain the functions of its various components.Observe the spectrum of a mercury discharge lamp and record the angle of deviation for the spectral line s.Determine the index of refraction of a glass prism for various wavelengths.Use the calibrated prism to measure unknown wavelengths.Observe color sensation caused by light of particular wavelengths.Methodology1. Become familiar with the spectrometera) Identify each component the portentous remand, the prism table, the collimator, and the ambitb) broadside the clamping screws and the fine adjustment screws for the telescope and the baleful table. Note the clamping screw for the prism table.c) Note how to adjust the telescope digest and the eyepiece.d) Note how to adjust the slit focusing in the collimator tube. Note how the slit width can be adjusted and how the slit orientation can be rotated.2. perpetrate reading the angle from a precise protractor scale on the rim of the black table. Use the Vernier scale with the little magnifying glass to read the angle to the nearest arc minute.3. Align the spectrometerIn order to correctly measure angles with the spectrometer, we must first align it. To do so, use the following goa) Telescope focus Do non put the prism onto the smooth table yet. That will come later.Notice that there are two knobs associated with the telescope. They are located directly under the telescope barrel. One points along the barrel and one is perpendicular to it. The knob that is along the barrel will lock the telescopes position and will prevent it from rotating. When it is locked down in this way, you can use the other knob for a fine adjustment, to rotate it by really small amounts. If the telescope is non unlocked, turn the knob that is parallel to the barrel counterclockwise until you can freely rotate the telescope.Turn the telescope so that it is not pointing at the collimator but is instead aimed at something as far away from you in the room as possible. this instant rotate the focus adjustment(See diagram on page 5) until you can see through the telescope clearly. You may notice that the image is upside down. This is nor mal. Just ensure that it is as clear and in focus as you can. After this adjustment, you should not adjust the focus of the telescope again.b) Telescope alignment Now place a white light (desk lamp) in front of the slit on the end of the collimator (in the diagram on page 5, the desk lamp goes where the HG lamp is pictured). Now rotate the telescope until it is pointed at the collimator. You should imagine a straight line going from the lamp through the collimator, and through the telescope. By looking through the telescope, you should be able to line up the crosshair with the slit in the far end of the collimator. By locking down the telescope and using the fine adjustment (the knob perpendicular to the one that you used to lock down the telescope) you should be able to do this very accurately. If you are unable to see the slit, it may be closed too tightly.You can widen and narrow the slit by rotating the adjuster on the collimator (it is located on the far end of the collimator, much like the focus for the telescope). This will adjust the slit width, but will not focus the slit. If the slit does not have very crisp edges when you look through the telescope, move the end of the collimator near the lamp in and out to focus it. If your slit is not vertical in the telescope, you can also rotate it so that it is. Once you have a nice thin, well-focused slit, with your crosshairs centered on it and your telescope locked down, you are now ready to align the scales to read the angle.c) Angle adjustment If you look below the set of knobs that control the telescope, you will see another pair of knobs that look akin to the ones for the telescope. These knobs perform the same functions (locking down and fine adjustment) for the black table itself. If you unlock the black table, you can rotate it. Notice that there are two windows in which you can read an angle. We want to rotate the table until one of the windows has 0 (zero) lined up with 0 (zero) or 360 (since a ci rcle is 360 degrees, 360 is the same as 180. If at all possible, we should try to use set it so that this window is to the left of the telescope (as we are looking over the barrel toward the lamp) because this will make reading our angle easiest. (Please have a look at the diagram on page 5) On some scopes there is a small magnifier attached to the black table over one window, and this would also be advantageous to use. Once you have aligned them, you will lock down the black table and will not rotate it again. From now on, we will only rotate the telescope.d) Prism placement Now you should place the prism in the center of the silver table. Recall that light is bent toward the base of the prism, so it should be placed on the silver table so that the gray plastic part makes a C shape if you were to look at it from the telescope side of the apparatus. Now, without moving the telescope, move your head to the left (about to where the telescope is rotated to in the diagram on page 5) and look into the prism. You will have to put your head down at the height of the telescope/collimator. Now rotate the silver table clockwise until you can see a nice rainbow like spectrum inside the prism.(You should notice that the rainbow is inside of a black circle. You are seeing the light coming out of the collimator and bent through the prism.) If it does not look like a very nice, bright, well-formed rainbow, you probably do not have your head in the right place move further left and try to rotate the silver table back and forth. Once you have found it, unlock the telescope (not the black table) and rotate it to the left where you were looking. Now look through the telescope, and you should be able to fancy the rainbow. We are now in about the right place to find our spectrum with the mercury vapor lamp and to adjust for the minimum angle of deviation.e) Minimum angle of deviation Now, remove the white light and replace it with the mercury vapor lamp. You will want to move the lamp until it is aligned with the slit. To do this, look through the telescope and move the lamp back and forth until it is nice and bright in the telescope. Instead of a complete rainbow, you should now see only certain bands of color. If your bands do not look nice and sharp, you may have to adjust your slit focus or width. Some lines are better seen if you tighten the slit. (The lamp should be very close to the slit.) Move the telescope back and forth until you get the crosshair lined up on the green band. Now look back to the diagram on page 5. We want to make the angle b as small as possible. To do this, rotate the silver table back and forth just a little bit. You should be able to get the green line to move to the right. Now realign the crosshair on the green line and rotate the silver table a little bit again. Then realign the crosshair on the green line. You should double over this process until no matter which way you rotate the silver table, the green line goes to the l eft, not the right. When this occurs, and the green line is as far as you can get it to go to the right, you are at the minimum angle of deviation. This angle should be around 51 or 52 degrees for the green line. If it is not, you may not have aligned the scales correctly, please repeat steps c, d, and e from above. ( learn it below). Every time that you do a different color, you will have to repeat this process.f) Record the prism number and read the deviation angle on the protractor.Prism _______ b = _______ _______ = ___________4. Measure the angle of deviation for each of the spectral lines of the Mercury lamp. The wavelengths and colors of the spectral lines are given in the table below. While making measurements, unclamp and rotate the prism table to check that the prism is oriented for minimum angle of deviation for the red, green, and blue lines.When measuring very closely spaced lines, like the double yellow lines, make the slit very narrow and check the focus. When mea suring dim lines, make the slit wider.

Model Of Web Of Causation Health And Social Care Essay

fabric Of Web Of Causation Health And Social compassionate EssayThe pretense of meshing of causation dates back to 1960, when it was developed to represent different parcel of lands that token on a genesis of a wellness worry or a disease, giving rise to defined causative risk factors. The example has been use in association health and treat to explain diseases and disabilities caused by multiple factors and identify possible points for preventive interventions in community health problems. This research paper introduces the conceptual nursing feigning of the web of causation and uses a community aggregate of children below 18 years diagnosed with type 1 and type 2 diabetes to discuss conceptual nursing web of causation.IntroductionMedicineamigo (2007) defines web of causation as a medical term used to represent a complex group of subjects and relationships that can contribute to occurrence and spread of a disease. The model of web of causation shows that diseases are not distributed randomly in any group but isolation of how they are distributed requires one to study several(prenominal) factors. This implies that there are multiple and heterogeneous causes of any disease, symptom or health condition, collectively forming a web of causation. Clark (2008) argues that the model of the web of causation represents pathway factors that point to a genesis of a health problem and gives rise to or mitigate more precisely defined causative risk factors. base on this model, one can increase the chances of controlling a disease or a health condition by breaking more colligate within the web of potential factors in the model. The model offers a solution in conceptualizing health problems that have multi- factoral etiologies such as diabetes.Historical Development of Model of Web of CausationMacMahon, Pugh, and Ipsen (1960) came up with the model of web of causation whereby it was used explain the occurrence of icterus for a group of patients who were receiving treatment for syphilis.This was followed by a more sophisticated but generalized web of causation that Stallones came up with in 1966. The purpose of his web of causation was to to describe the interrelationships among the 3 main types of cardiovascular disease. After some further research, Friedman developed a web of causation that was more detailed in 1980. His model was based on causation for the unblemished heart attack. This development marked the beginning for mapping what is today known concerning the etiology of heart diseases. The model of web of causation has continued to gain popularity since its husking in 1960 and has proved useful in identifying possible factors for preventive interventions in community health.How Concepts Relate Within the Model of Web of CausationDuncan (2007) points out how the model of web of causation emphasizes on agents in explaining causes of diseases, while providing multifactoral causes that traverse various pathways, mirroring reality. In this model, the disease or a health condition is not yet seen to be having different causes, but each one of these individual causes is viewed as a consequence that came from the multiple causes, of which each is an effect expiryanting to multiple causes. This web is construct using arrows of causation, with each arrow of causation implying that the element at the arrow source is somehow an individual cause of the element at that particular point of the arrow. Using type 1 and type 2 diabetes in children under 18 as an example, the disease can be as a result of new potential risk factor within the neighborhood or a variable in the web of causation representing a toxic purlieu that leads to diabetes or a variable representing lack of health care for possible underlying causes of diabetes such as high melodic phrase pressure or obesity, or having genetic predisposition that leads to diabetes (At Health 2005).Model Application to Nursing ProcessThe model of web of causation can b e used in nursing work to explain diseases and disabilities caused by multiple factors such as hepatitis and diabetes, which can be explained using complex relationship in the disease agent, host and surroundings integrating factors such as genetic factors, environmental factors and race among others (At Health, 2005).American Diabetes Association (2000) highlights the importance of the model of web of causation in monitoring of diabetes in children and adolescents to avoid further complications resulting from the disease. This can be achieved when families work together with health care providers to help set a childs target for blood glucose levels and develop a personal diabetes plan for healthy meals, regular exercise and oral medication.Duncan (2007) explains how the model can be applied in nursing to brood health related threats and conditions such as the problem of teenage pregnancy, which is attributed to complex interaction between several causative and contributing facto rs such as ignorance, friction match pressure and lack of contraceptives among others.Applications Model of Web of Causation to Community Health ProblemsAccording to Clark (2008), the model of web of causation is applied in enhancing the understanding of non-communicable diseases. The model has further been used in identifying possible points for preventive interventions in community health problems. Based on this model, prevention of obesity can be used as an intervention measure to protect the target population from being infected with type 2 diabetes.Duncan (2007) explains the importance of the model of web of causation in summarizing community health information for presentation, communication and analysis. He points out the importance of the model in study of distribution of health outcomes in a given over population through interpretation of epidemiological relationships.Importance Of Community Partnership In Community Health ProjectsCommunity partnership in community health projects brings collaborative efforts to improve health through sharing of resources, combining talents and enhancing opportunities to achieve positive health outcomes (World Health Organization, 2002).According to World Health Organization (2002), involving communities in community health projects is a sign of giving up control and concern about who contributes to success of the partnership. This empowers plurality to creatively develop skills and build competencies and capacities because bankrupt and more sustainable decisions are made by involving communities in decision making. Furthermore, community participation in health projects is a way of extending the democratic process by opening up governance and redressing inequality in power for organizations involved. This offers new opportunities for creative thinking and innovative planning of health projects.Partnership with community in community health project implementation creates dedicated staff in project implementation a s communities positively identify with the projects. This ensures ownership and sustainability of the projects, provides a source of information, knowledge as well as experience and eliminates deficiencies in the society, while empowering members to put emphasis on problem solving (WHO, 2002).ConclusionThe model of web of causation is an important model that has been used in community health to represent different pathways that point on a genesis of a health problem or a disease, giving rise to defined causative risk factors. It has proved to be a viable model in addressing health problems that have multifactoral causes like the type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Lasting solutions in addressing community health problems can be achieved by involving people at community level in decision making and participation in community health projects.

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Proteins control all biological systems in a cell. Some proteins are fitting to perform their tasks independently while many other proteins within a cell interact with other proteins to function properly. Protein interactions within a cell mystify cell behavior at a systems direct. Thus, elucidating the structure and dynamics of protein interaction networks in vivo is a central goal in biology. The identification of the protein interaction networks (PINs) at bottom a cell is crucial to understanding the fundamental questions about how a cell is able to organize matter, information and energy transformations to preform specific functions at a biochemical level. The discovery of novel protein-protein interactions and determining how these proteins function in a network is fundamental to understanding biological systems. This new way of poring over biological systems is called interactomics. While several genomes of different species have been sequenced, many proteins that ar e encoded in the genome have yet to have their function or relevance determined. Although thither is an increasing importance to map out protein interaction networks, the actual detection of protein-protein interactions is complicated. Proteins have various charges and numerous secondary and tertiary structures they can fold into. Also, there are countless parameters that can change their interactions with other proteins in the cell. Furthermore, many protein-protein interactions can be transient, in that they only are short lived or posit specific condition to facilitate their interaction with other proteins. Several Methods have been used to vignette protein-protein interactions. However, one rarely addressed question is whether protein-protein interactio... ... broad overview of the morphologic and functional networks within a living cell. However, there are plenty more areas of the interactome that can be explored, such as the dynamics of the interactions as healthf ul as how different growth condition affect protein interaction networks. Also, a wide variety of different reporter genes can be used to study temporal and spatial interactions over a comprehensive range of time periods as well as other distresses. Furthermore, since the PCA can provide a annex for spatial dynamics of different protein-complex topologies since it is able to generate a map at 8nm resolution. The integration of the results found using the PCA technique with gene regulation dynamics and protein modification can lead to a better understanding about how cellular processes are organized at a molecular and structural level within a living cell.

Journalists Should Investigate Castros Prisons Instead of Gitmo Essay

Journalists Should Investigate Castros Prisons Instead of Gitmo   The recent hysterics in the press over the treatment of al root prisoners give the impression that Cuba is some idyllic bastion of human rights save for that American eyesore Guantanamo Bay. The overzealous reporters en route to the communist isle are hell-bent on discovering some form of torture or mistreatment of the prisoners. Upon discovering that the envisioned inhumanity of Gitmo in reality is nothing more than conditions of mild discomfort, these same reporters responded with irresponsible exaggeration. virtuoso British editorial describes the prisoners as trapped in open cages, manacled hand and foot, brutalized, tortured and humiliated. Despite the fictitiousness of such commentaries, the righteous indignation of the international community, dampened somewhat in the aftermath of September 11th, is gaining momentum with the aid of unscrupulous reporters.    The actual living conditions at Guantan amo Bay lack the scandal and spectacle so dear to the American and occidental European media culture. The various amenities granted to the detainees appear incredibly generous in light of their military resumes. These anti-American al Qaeda fighters, who have move a skewed, unrighteous, and murderous jihad, merit the basic necessities for living and little else. Still, the camp provides two towels to each prisoner daily to meet both sanitation and entreaty needs. One might wonder if some of those prayers include praise to Allah for killing thousands of innocent Americans by hijacking commercial airliners. Or, perhaps they just give convey that Osama bin Laden remains at large, free from the infidels justice. Regardless, the prisoners are af... ...s.  While the unlawful combatants held at Gitmo receive daily sick calls, the U.N. Special Rapporteur criticized the widespread relative incidence of tuberculosis, scabies, hepatitis, parasitic infections, and malnutrition in Cuban prisons.    Where is the media outcry over the actual human rights abuses by Castros government?  Where is the investigative reporting on the prison riots protesting inadequate medical examination services, constant beatings, and squalid cell conditions?  Sure, blackout goggles and earmuffs on al Qaeda detainees may be annoying, but it takes some twisted relativism to equate the discomforts of Gitmo swot with parasitic infections and political oppression. Examples of real injustice abound in Castros regime. Journalists would better serve the human rights cause by investigating, not inventing, incidents of torture.